Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Altruism. --- Animal societies. --- Animal. --- Interactions. --- Punishment.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Historically, pet dogs were trained using mainly negative reinforcement or punishment but positive reinforcement using rewards has recently become more popular. The methods used may have different impacts on the dogs' welfare. We distributed a questionnaire to 364 dog owners in order to examine the relative effectiveness of different training methods and their effects upon a pet dog's behaviour. When asked how they trained their dog on seven basic tasks, 66% reported using vocal punishment 12% used physical punishment 60% praise (social reward), 51% food rewards and 11% play. The owner's ratings for their dog's obedience during eight tasks correlated positively with the number of tasks which they trained using rewards (P < 0.01), but not using punishment (P = 0.5). When asked whether their dog exhibited any of 16 common problematic behaviours, the number of problems reported by the owners correlated with the number of tasks for which their dog was trained using punishment (P < 0.001), but not using rewards (P = 0.17). Exhibition of problematic behaviours may be indicative of compromised welfare, because such behaviours can be caused by - or result in - a state of anxiety and may lead to a dog being relinquished or abandoned. Because punishment was associated with an increased incidence of problematic behaviours, we conclude that it may represent a welfare concern without concurrent benefits in obedience. We suggest that positive training methods may be more useful to the pet-owning community

Animal welfare. --- Anxiety. --- Behaviour. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Domestic dog. --- Enrichment. --- Food. --- Human-animal interaction. --- Interaction. --- Method. --- Obedience. --- Old. --- Pet dogs. --- Pet. --- Physical. --- Play. --- Problematic behaviour. --- Punishment. --- Questionnaire. --- Ratings. --- Reinforcement. --- Reward. --- Social. --- Stress. --- Task. --- Tasks. --- Time. --- Training methods. --- Training. --- Welfare.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The chapters 'Introduction: A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse' and 'The Gibbet in the Landscape: Locating the Criminal Corpse in Mid-Eighteenth-Century England' are open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Social history. --- World history. --- Civilization --- Descriptive sociology --- Social conditions --- Social history --- History --- Sociology --- Universal history --- Cultural history --- History. --- History, Modern. --- Criminal Law. --- Forensic psychology. --- Social History. --- World History, Global and Transnational History. --- Cultural History. --- Modern History. --- Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law. --- Forensic Psychology. --- Juridical psychology --- Juristic psychology --- Legal psychology --- Psychology, Forensic --- Forensic sciences --- Psychology, Applied --- Crime --- Crimes and misdemeanors --- Criminals --- Law, Criminal --- Penal codes --- Penal law --- Pleas of the crown --- Public law --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Criminal procedure --- Modern history --- World history, Modern --- World history --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Civilization—History. --- Criminal law. --- Executions and executioners - History --- Criminals - Death - History --- Capital punishment - History --- capital punishment --- smugglers --- history --- suicides --- war criminals --- execution --- traitors --- Autopsy --- Dissection --- Early modern period --- England --- Europe --- Gallows --- Germany --- Gibbeting --- Executions and executioners --- Capital punishment