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This book explores the treatment of junevile offenders in modern Western history. The last few decades have witnessed major debates over youth justice policies. Juvenile and youth justice legislation has been reviewed in a number of countries. Despite the fact that new perspectives, such as restorative justice, have emerged, the debates have largely focused on issues that bring us back to the inception of juvenile justice: namely whether youth justice ought to be more akin to punitive adult criminal justice, or more sensitive to the welfare of youths. This issue has been at the core of policy choices that have given juvenile justice its orientations since the beginning of the twentieth century. It also gave shape to the evolution that paved the way for the creation of juvenile courts in the nineteenth century. Understanding those early debates is essential if we are to understand current debates, and place them into perspective. Based on primary archival research, this comprehensive study begins by presenting the roots, birth and evolution of juvenile justice, from the nineteenth century up to the beginning of the twenty-first. The second part deals with nineteenth century responses to juvenile delinquency in England and Canada, while the third focuses on the welfare orientation that characterized juvenile courts in the first half of the twentieth century in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. Finally, the fourth part focuses on the perspective of the youths and their families in Belgium, France and Canada.

Social problems --- Criminology. Victimology --- Law --- World history --- History --- wereldgeschiedenis --- geschiedenis --- maatschappij --- sociale geschiedenis --- criminologie --- jongerencriminaliteit --- criminaliteit

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This book focuses on one part of the judicial system: the criminal justice chain. This involves all the activities and actors dealing with policing, prosecution, judgment, and sanctioning of crimes. In the last decades, reforms have been implemented in several European countries. In Belgium, for example, there was the so-called Octopus reform in 1998. The police was restructured, leading to an integration of the police forces on a national and local level. New steering instruments were introduced, such as regional security plans. With regard to the sanctioning of crimes, a new institution was installed, called the sentence implementation court. This book evaluates these reforms and discusses the current reform on the reorganization of the judicial landscape. In addition, it examines the relation between trust and distrust and the application to the judicial system. It discusses the human capital aspect of the system, by means of a study on the prosopography of the Belgian magistrates that analyses the Magistracy as socio-professional group, and focuses on situations of system building, transformations under constraint (occupations), and transfers (colonial experience). Lastly, the book presents a comparative study of Belgium and France regarding the new techniques and instruments that are needed to accelerate the judicial response time and to ensure that the judicial system delivers its services on time.

Comparative law --- Criminology. Victimology --- Criminal law. Criminal procedure --- Public administration --- Personnel management --- rechtsvergelijking --- strafrecht --- geschiedenis --- recht --- criminologie --- coaching --- HRM (human resource management) --- criminaliteit --- internationaal recht --- internationaal privaatrecht --- administratie --- France --- Belgium

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Depuis une vingtaine d'années, la grâce a pris une place de choix dans le paysage de l'histoire de la justice à la fin du Moyen Âge et aux débuts de l'époque moderne. Tirant parti de sources d'une grande richesse, les historiens ont montré que la clémence est le complément indispensable de la sévérité dans l'exercice de la justice du XIIIe au XVIIe siècle. Ils ont ainsi nuancé l'image d'une justice médiévale expéditive et sanguinaire. Mieux, ils ont montré que si l'intransigeance des juges est affirmée dans les textes normatifs, la pratique judiciaire se fonde plus sur l'exercice du pardon que sur la force du bourreau. Par ailleurs, l'historiographie récente a mis en avant la manière dont les pratiques de grâce sont un instrument politique de la croissance de l'État et de l'affirmation de sa souveraineté. À travers les huit contributions de ce volume, de jeunes chercheurs en histoire analysent cette place déterminante de la grâce dans la justice médiévale et moderne.

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L'histoire des justices militaires a jusqu'il y a peu été largement négligée. Institution hybride, elle a longtemps fait l'objet de jugements à l'emporte-pièce, tant chez les militaires que chez les juristes. On a ainsi vu se multiplier critiques acerbes et plaidoyers pro domo autour de cette institution si particulière. Une série de séminaires menés dans le cadre du projet de la Maison des sciences de l'Homme, de 2004 à 2008, avait pour objectif de parcourir, en perspective comparée, les évolutions de la justice militaire depuis le XVIe siècle. Le présent volume reprend reprend une vingtaine de ces contributions, orientées sur le premier XXe siècle, pour comprendre les tensions, les pratiques et les limites de la justice militaire pendant et autour des deux guerres mondiales. Parcourant l'Europe occidentale, il se veut méthodologique et initiateur, éclairant une réalité transnationale à l'aide d'études de cas, inscrites dans le temps et l'espace.