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"Um manual universitário deve ser, na perspectiva do autor, um texto de investigação que assuma a complexidade problemática do seu específico objecto temático, e o explicite comunicativamente sem disfarçar a mencionada complexidade. Razão por que, ainda para o autor, um manual merecedor do referido qualificativo não deverá reduzir-se a versão escrita de prelecções, perfilando-se antes como horizonte reflexivo que estas últimas intencionam e que cientificamente as fundamenta e pedagogicamente as legitima. O guião que ora se publicita traduz uma experiência lectiva de duas décadas. E inscreve-se numa compreensão normativa e prática da Metodologia do Direito (procurando, por isso mesmo, apurar, em dialéctica correlatividade, o necessariamente instável equilíbrio possível entre os pólos implicados pela aludida compreensão - um, relevante do dogmaticamente densificando sentido da normatividade jurídica vigente; o outro, centrado nos casos jurídicos concretos que continuamente o interpelam e reconstituem), que se pode dizer a marca-de-contraste, na matéria, da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra, e que vem sendo multimodamente puncionada por muitos dos seus mais ilustres Professores, sobretudo por aqueles que tantas vezes inovadoramente a pensaram na sua obra e a projectaram no seu ensino."

Law --- Methodology. --- Legal reasoning

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This book brings together contributions from leading figures in legal studies on analogy and related forms of reasoning in the law. Analogical reasoning-which relies on the concept of two different things being in some way like each other-is hugely important not just in the practice of law, but it is nonetheless strongly contested. This volume raises key questions like: What is the logical, argumentative, rhetorical, or just heuristic force of analogy in law? Is analogy really different from extensive interpretation, reasoning by precedent and appeal to paradigm?

Law --- Analogy. --- Methodology. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Reasoning --- Legal reasoning --- Legal analogy, exemplary reasoning.

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Die aktuell viel diskutierte Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Gefühl und Vernunft wurde von Philosophen des 17. Jahrhunderts mit solcher Komplexität erörtert, dass ihre Entwürfe bis heute eine Inspirationsquelle für die Erforschung der Emotionalität des Geistes sind. Der Band bietet sowohl vielfältige Analysen der Theorien von Descartes, Spinoza und Leibniz als auch Untersuchungen zu den Entwürfen von Hobbes, Henry More, Anne Conway, La Rochefoucauld, Christina von Schweden, Malebranche, Fénelon, Shaftesbury und Émilie du Châtelet und schließt mit einem Ausblick auf das 18. Jahrhundert bis zu Kant. Indem der Fokus auf die affektiven Komponenten in Erkenntnisprozessen und auf die Grenzbestimmungen von Emotionen und Vernunft gelegt wird, ermöglicht dieser Band neue Einsichten in die Vielfalt und Bedeutsamkeit der philosophischen Reflexion über Emotionen in der Frühen Neuzeit.Mit Beiträgen von Susan James, Denis Kambouchner, Christia Mercer, Gianni Paganini, Amelie Rorty, Theo Verbeek u.a.

Emotions (Philosophy) -- Congresses. --- Emotions (Philosophy). --- Reasoning -- Congresses. --- Reasoning. --- Emotions (Philosophy) --- Reasoning --- Philosophy & Religion --- Philosophy --- Affect. --- Descartes, René. --- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. --- Reason. --- Spinoza, Baruch de.

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"A defense of the rationality of adductive inference from the criticisms of Bayesian theorists"--

Abduction (Logic) --- Reasoning. --- Practical reason. --- Bayesian statistical decision theory. --- PHILOSOPHY / Logic --- PHILOSOPHY / General --- SCIENCE / Cognitive Science --- Statistical decision --- Bayes' solution --- Bayesian analysis --- Logic --- Reasoning --- Syllogism --- Reason --- Practical rationality --- Practical reasoning --- Rationality, Practical --- Reasoning, Practical --- Thought and thinking --- Judgment (Logic) --- Argumentation --- Ratiocination

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Despite the centrality of rationality to our identity as a species (let alone the scientific endeavour), and the fact that it has been studied for several millennia, the present state of our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying logical reasoning remains highly fragmented. For example, a recent review concluded that none of the extant (12!) theories provide an adequate account (Khemlani & Johnson- Laird, 2011), while other authors argue that we are on the brink of a paradigm change, where the old binary logic framework will be washed away and replaced by more modern (and correct) probabilistic and Bayesian approaches (see for example Elqayam & Over, 2012; Oaksford & Chater, 2009; Over, 2009). Over the past 15 years neuroscience brain imaging techniques and patient studies have been used to map out the functional neuroanatomy of reasoning processes. The aim of this research topic is to discuss whether this line of research has facilitated, hindered, or has been largely irrelevant for understanding of reasoning processes. The answer is neither obvious nor uncontroversial. We would like to engage both the cognitive and the neuroscience community in this discussion. Some of the questions of interest are: How have the data generated by the patient and neuroimaging studies: • influenced our thinking about modularity of deductive reasoning • impacted the debate between mental logic theory, mental model theory and the dual mechanism accounts • affected our thinking about dual mechanism theories • informed discussion of the relationship between induction and deduction • illuminated the relationship between language, visual spatial processing and reasoning • affected our thinking about the unity of deductive reasoning processes Have any of the cognitive theories of reasoning helped us explain deficits in certain patient populations? Do certain theories do a better job of this than others? Is there any value to localizing cognitive processes and identifying dissociations (for reasoning and other cognitive processes)? What challenges have neuroimaging data raised for cognitive theories of reasoning? How can cognitive theory inform interpretation of patient data or neuroimaging data? How can patient data or neuroimaging data best inform cognitive theory? This list of questions is not exhaustive. Manuscripts addressing other related questions are welcome. We are interested in hearing from skeptics, agnostics and believers, and welcome original research contributions as well as reviews, methods, hypothesis & theory papers that contribute to the discussion of the current state of our knowledge of how neuroscience is (or is not) helping us to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying logical reasoning processes.

Brain --- inference --- lesions --- reasoning --- Thinking --- Dual mechanisms --- Reason --- Emotions --- fMRI --- induction --- deduction --- logic --- rationality --- Neuropsychology