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The book shows how the tribute-paying population in Peru and New Spain negotiated their categorization throughout the colonial period. It explains the fiscal legislation and its application from above as well as how it was shaped from below. This book addresses the negotiation of categorizations in colonial societies in Spanish America from a new vantage point: fiscality. In early modern empires (poll) taxes were a significant factor to organize and perpetuate social inequalities. By this, fiscal categorizations had very concrete effects on the daily life of the categorized, on their assets and on their labor force. They intersected with social categorizations such as gender, profession, age and what many authors have termed race or ethnicity, but which are denominated here, more accurately with a term from the sources, calidad . They were imposed by legislation from above and contested via petitions from below, the latter being a type of source scarcely analyzed until now.

Spain --- Peru --- Colonies --- History.

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"This book is the result of a research process of long durée. Entirely original material rubs shoulders with other work that has already seen the light of day in the form of previous versions of articles and chapters in books, normally in languages other than English. Some of the earlier material formed part of a wider research project that was completed in 2017 and for which the author was awarded a Ph.D. in History by the Complutense University of Madrid. However, there were many other incentives for writing the book and it has benefitted from finding numerous allies along the way. It has also had the enormous good fortune to come to fruition in an eminently international framework, under various research projects"--

Enlightenment --- History --- Spain --- Economic conditions

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"At least 200,000 people died from hunger or malnutrition-related diseases in Spain during the 1940s. This book provides a political explanation for the famine and brings together a broad range of academics based in Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia to achieve this. Topics include the political causes of the famine, the physical and social consequences, the ways Spaniards tried to survive, the regime's reluctance to accept international relief, the politics of cooking at a time of famine, and the memory of the famine. The volume challenges the silence and misrepresentation that still surround the famine. It reveals the reality of how people perished in Spain because the Francoist authorities instituted a policy of food self-sufficiency (or autarky ): a system of price regulation which placed restrictions on transport as well as food sales. The contributors trace the massive decline in food production which followed, the hoarding which took place on an enormous scale and the vast and deeply iniquitous black market that subsequently flourished at a time when salaries plunged to 50% below their levels in 1936: all contributing factors in the large-scale atrocity explored fully here for the first time."--

Malnutrition --- Diseases --- Starvation --- History --- Spain

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Le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE procède à des examens par les pairs de ses membres une fois tous les cinq ou six ans. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l'efficacité de leur coopération pour le développement, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations.

Economic assistance, Spanish. --- Spain --- Economic policy.

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"Food consumption and nutrition are historically among the most characteristic features of inequality in living standards driven by socio-economic, gender, generational and geographical reasons. Nutrition directly impacts mortality, life expectancy, height and illness, and thus becomes a good indicator of living standards and their evolution over time. However, one issue that remains unresolved is how to measure past diet inequalities with the available sources. This book evaluates nutritional inequalities in Spain from the 19th century to the present day. It explores the socio-economic, gender, generational and geographical variations in food consumption and nutrition in Spain during this period. Deriving historical data on nutrition and diet has always been difficult due to issues with available sources. This book adopts a multi-dimensional approach and two complementary methodologies capable of presenting a more comprehensive picture: the first analyses diets based on primary sources, while the second examine the effect of nutritional inequalities on biological living standards, with special emphasis on average height. This combination allows for greater precision than previous studies on the impacts of food inequality. This book will be of significant interest to scholars from different academic branches, especially historians, economic historians and historians of science, economists, and also doctors, endocrinologists, paediatricians, anthropologists, nutritionists and expert in cooperation and development"--

Food consumption --- Nutrition --- History. --- Spain --- Economic conditions.