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This paper examines the impact of highway expansion on aggregate productivity growth and sectoral reallocation between cities in China. To do so, I construct a unique dataset of bilateral transportation costs between Chinese cities, digitized highway network maps, and firm-level census. I first derive and estimate a market access measure that summarizes all direct and indirect impact of trade costs on city productivity. I then construct an instrumental variable to examine the causal impact of highways on economic outcomes and the underlying channels. The results suggest that highways promoted aggregate productivity growth by facilitating firm entry, exit and reallocation. I also find evidence that the national highway system led to a sectoral reallocation between cities in China.

Urban transportation. --- City transportation --- Metropolitan transportation --- Municipal transportation --- Transportation, Urban --- City planning --- Transportation --- Urban policy --- China --- Economic conditions. --- Infrastructure --- Production and Operations Management --- Demography --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Trade: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Housing --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- General Regional Economics (includes Regional Data) --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Demographic Economics: General --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Macroeconomics --- Population & demography --- Manufacturing industries --- Productivity --- Total factor productivity --- Population and demographics --- National accounts --- Manufacturing --- Economic sectors --- Saving and investment --- Industrial productivity --- Population --- China, People's Republic of

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This 2002 book investigates the opportunities in building intelligent decision support systems offered by multi-agent distributed probabilistic reasoning. Probabilistic reasoning with graphical models, also known as Bayesian networks or belief networks, has become increasingly an active field of research and practice in artificial intelligence, operations research and statistics. The success of this technique in modeling intelligent decision support systems under the centralized and single-agent paradigm has been striking. Yang Xiang extends graphical dependence models to the distributed and multi-agent paradigm. He identifies the major technical challenges involved in such an endeavor and presents the results. The framework developed in the book allows distributed representation of uncertain knowledge on a large and complex environment embedded in multiple cooperative agents, and effective, exact and distributed probabilistic inference.

Distributed artificial intelligence --- Bayesian statistical decision theory --- Intelligent agents (Computer software) --- Intelligence artificielle répartie --- Statistique bayésienne --- Agents intelligents (logiciels) --- Data processing --- Informatique --- Information Technology --- Computer Science (Hardware & Networks) --- Distributed artificial intelligence. --- Intelligent agents (Computer software). --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Data processing. --- Intelligence artificielle répartie --- Statistique bayésienne --- Agents, Autonomous (Computer software) --- Agents, Cognitive (Computer software) --- Agents, Intelligent (Computer software) --- Assistants, Cognitive (Computer software) --- Assistants, Intelligent software --- Autonomous agents (Computer software) --- Cognitive agents (Computer software) --- Cognitive assistants (Computer software) --- IAs (Computer software) --- Intelligent agent software --- Intelligent software agents --- Intelligent software assistants --- Software agents (Computer software) --- Special agents (Computer software) --- Bayes' solution --- Bayesian analysis --- DAI (Artificial intelligence) --- Distributed AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial intelligence --- Statistical decision --- Computer programs --- E-books --- Multiagent systems. --- Agent-based model (Computer software) --- MASs (Multiagent systems) --- Multi-agent systems --- Systems, Multiagent

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The stylized fact that strong economic growth is usually accompanied with strong export growth leads many people to conclude that the export sector is the main driving force behind those episodes. The model in this paper, however, shows that the non-tradable sector may also generate high economic growth together with high export growth. Evidence shows that out of 71 "so-called" export-led growth episodes, only 37 of them are consistent with the "exports driving growth" hypothesis. Most of the remaining episodes (24 cases) experienced significant real exchange rate depreciation and are more likely to be characterized by "growth driving exports".

Exports --- Foreign exchange rates --- Elasticity (Economics) --- Econometric models. --- Coefficient of elasticity --- Demand elasticity --- Elasticity, Coefficient of --- Elasticity of demand --- Price elasticity of demand --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Economics --- International trade --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Economic Theory --- Production and Operations Management --- Trade: General --- Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis --- Prices --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Economic theory & philosophy --- Macroeconomics --- Export performance --- Real exchange rates --- Labor productivity --- Elasticity --- Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China

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This volume of The China Environment Yearbook is the second in a series of annual records written, commissioned, produced, and edited by Friends of Nature, China’s premier environmental non-governmental organization. This book provides a window on debates and events as they have affected China’s struggles toward a more just and sustainable model of development during the year 2006. Courageous essays question policies of fencing Inner Mongolian grasslands in a way that contradicts local culture and ecology; probe the wisdom of the South-to-North water transfer scheme in the upper Yangzi (and of a potentially even more ecologically intrusive mega-project called the Shuotian Grand Canal Project); and analyze shortcomings in government efforts to clean up some of China’s most heavily polluted waterways. There are candid accounts of new levels of environmental degradation in rural areas and of the difficulties encountered in China’s effort to produce a “green GDP” that would accurately reflect the costs of natural resource extraction and pollution. Other hard-hitting articles describe China’s role in the global trade in illegal logging, analyze the problem of “cancer villages,” and make clear the seriousness of problems with widespread groundwater contamination and lack of access to safe drinking water.

Environmental protection --- Environmental policy --- Environmentalism --- Environmental policy. --- Environmental protection. --- Environmentalism. --- China. --- Environmental movement --- Social movements --- Anti-environmentalism --- Sustainable living --- E-books --- Greenwashing

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Although the rest of the world had waited a long time for China to open up, feelings were mixed when it actually did and began to integrate rapidly with the world economy. With the country’s recent accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), many of its trading partners are increasingly concerned that China’s competition in the world goods and capital markets may adversely affect their own growth prospects. This paper examines the implications of China’s WTO accession for other developing countries in the context of the country’s long-term process of growth and opening up. The paper argues that China’s integration into the world economy will inevitably impose adjustment costs on its trading partners in the short-to-medium term, but the benefits it generates are likely to dominate in the long run.

Exports and Imports --- Taxation --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Economic Integration --- Trade: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- International economics --- Finance --- Public finance & taxation --- Exports --- Imports --- Foreign direct investment --- Tariffs --- Trade barriers --- International trade --- Balance of payments --- Taxes --- Investments, Foreign --- Tariff --- Commercial policy --- China, People's Republic of