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Outdoor air pollution accounts for an estimated 4.2 million deaths worldwide, the majority of which are caused by exposure to fine particulate matter (or PM2.5) air pollution. Most of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Reducing PM2.5 air pollution is thus crucial for improving public-health outcomes in those countries. Measuring and reducing the health impacts of PM2.5 is especially challenging in many LMICs because ground-level air-quality monitoring networks are typically nonexistent. Where they are in place, they are often not properly operated and maintained and are thus unreliable. Limited local expertise in air-quality measurement presents additional challenges. These shortcomings can undermine a country's ability to design and implement effective policies to improve outdoor air quality. Satellite technology has been used successfully for measuring air quality in high-income countries where operation of ground-level air-quality monitoring networks is well established. However, this publication investigates the performance of satellites in LMICs for predicting outdoor concentrations of PM2.5, based on case studies in nine cities in different regions representing a range of environmental conditions (including mountainous, dusty, and coastal). The report finds that the satellite-derived estimates of PM2.5 in LMICs are associated with very large uncertainty, ranging from 21 percent to 85 percent depending on the model used for translating satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth-the parameter measured by satellites-to surface-level outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. This report shows that satellites are unreliable for estimating ambient concentrations of PM2.5 in LMICs. Furthermore, satellite-derived measurements cannot replace properly operated and maintained ground-level monitoring networks for measuring the concentrations of PM2.5 that human beings are typically exposed to daily. Thus, it is important that LMICs strengthen support for the establishment of ground-level monitoring networks to measure air pollutants, notably PM2.5, that cause mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions with LMICs.

Air --- Artificial satellites in air pollution control. --- Pollution --- Measurement.

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Surveying developments over the decade 1992-2001, this book chronicles and analyses the salient aspects of the impact of transnational television on the television and advertising industries in three regions-South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Northeast Asia. Through lively case studies from the Indian subcontinent, Greater China and the Malay Archipelago, the author examines developments with particular reference to their history, geography, cultural policies and broadcasting history, as also the concurrent evolution of domestic commercial television in each country.

#KVHA:Media; Azië --- #KVHA:Cultuur; Azië --- #KVHA:Politiek; Azië --- Television --- Globalisation. --- Policy dialectics. --- Television -- Asia. --- Radio & TV Broadcasting --- Journalism & Communications --- Radio vision --- TV --- Artificial satellites in telecommunication --- Electronic systems --- Optoelectronic devices --- Telecommunication --- Astronautics --- Optical communication systems --- E-books

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Law --- Belgium --- Télématique --- Sociologicals aspects --- 629.783 --- Artificial satellites (Navigational satellites. Communications or relay satellites) --- 629.783 Artificial satellites (Navigational satellites. Communications or relay satellites) --- 316.77 --- 34:681.3 <493> --- 681.3 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 020 --- 333.154 --- 654 --- 651 --- 384.7 --- NBB congres --- Archi-JU --- 316.77 Communicatiesociologie --- Communicatiesociologie --- 34:681.3 <493> Informaticarecht--België --- Informaticarecht--België --- Computerwetenschap --- Bibliotheekwezen: algemeenheden. --- Elektronische geldtransfers. Clearing. Home banking. --- Informatieverwerking. Bureautica. --- Studie- en documentatiediensten. --- Tele-informatie. Datatransmissie. --- Telematics --- Télématique --- Technique --- Political aspects --- Law and legislation --- Aspect sociologique --- Aspect politique --- Droit --- 681.3* / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / --- Bibliotheekwezen: algemeenheden --- Elektronische geldtransfers. Clearing. Home banking --- Informatieverwerking. Bureautica --- Studie- en documentatiediensten --- Tele-informatie. Datatransmissie

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From the mid-1950s onwards, the rise of television as a mass medium took place in many East and West European countries. As the most influential mass medium of the Cold War, television triggered new practices of consumption and media production, and of communication and exchange on both sides of the Iron Curtain. This volume leans on the long-neglected fact that, even during the Cold War era, television could easily become a cross-border matter. As such, it brings together transnational perspectives on convergence zones, observations, collaborations, circulations and interdependencies between Eastern and Western television. In particular, the authors provide empirical ground to include socialist television within a European and global media history. Historians and media, cultural and literary scholars take interdisciplinary perspectives to focus on structures, actors, flow, contents or the reception of cross-border television. Their contributions cover Albania, the CSSR, the GDR, Russia and the Soviet Union, Serbia, Slovenia and Yugoslavia, thus complementing Western-dominated perspectives on Cold War mass media with a specific focus on the spaces and actors of East European communication. Last but not least, the volume takes a long-term perspective crossing the fall of the Iron Curtain, as many trends of the post-socialist period are linked to, or pick up, socialist traditions.

Television --- Television broadcasting --- Television and politics --- Politics and television --- Political science --- Telecasting --- Television industry --- Broadcasting --- Mass media --- Radio vision --- TV --- Artificial satellites in telecommunication --- Electronic systems --- Optoelectronic devices --- Telecommunication --- Astronautics --- History --- Social aspects --- Political aspects --- Optical communication systems --- E-books --- History.

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This book examines the contributions that space technologies can make in tackling some of the serious problems posed by climate change. Focusing on examples of water management, marine resources and maritime transport, it sets out the rationale for further developing satellite systems to measure and monitor climate change and help mitigate its consequences. The report underlines the need to consider satellites not just as research and development systems, but as an important component of a critical communication- and information-based infrastructure for modern societies. The tool box for decision makers that concludes the book reviews different methodological options for deciding on investments in space-based earth observation.

Artificial satellites in remote sensing. --- Satellite meteorology. --- Climatic changes. --- Water-supply --- Marine resources --- Shipping --- Satellites artificiels en télédétection --- Météorologie par satellite --- Climat --- Eau --- Ressources marines --- Transports maritimes --- Management. --- Environmental aspects. --- Changements --- Approvisionnement --- Gestion --- Aspects de l'environnement --- Marine shipping --- Marine transportation --- Maritime shipping --- Ocean --- Ocean traffic --- Ocean transportation --- Sea transportation --- Shipping industry --- Water transportation --- Communication and traffic --- Marine service --- Transportation --- Merchant marine --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Artificial satellites in meteorology --- Meteorology --- Meteorological satellites --- Remote sensing --- Economic aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Global environmental change