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The World Bank's Global Center on Conflict, Security, and Development, currently the Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Cross-Cutting Solutions Area (FCV CCSA), in 2014 commissioned this note to enhance understanding of the connection between pastoralism and the recent increase in instability and violence in the Sahel, as well as the conditions under which the development of the pastoralist economy can actually enhance regional stability. The note seeks to offer guidance to international, national, and local decision makers on the drivers of conflict and instability that are most related to pastoral communities, as well as possible measures to reduce violence and enhance stability in the Sahel.

Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Conflict --- Livestock & animal Husbandry --- Peacebuilding --- Violence

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In recent decades, the agriculture and fisheries sector in the Philippines has grown but has clearly not lived up to its potential. Philippine agriculture has weathered the impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic better than the overall national economy. Recent government reports highlight the difficulty of modernizing Philippine agriculture under circumstances in which farmland is continuously fragmented, institutional arrangements for farm-to-market coordination and distribution are underdeveloped, and large parts of the food economy experience significant logistical bottlenecks and costs. This report combines results from three activities undertaken from mid-2020 to the first months of 2021. This report has five chapters. Chapter 2 reviews recent policy developments and some current priorities of the Department of Agriculture (DA). Chapter 3 describes the spatial analysis, highlighting the differences in agriculture's transformative potential in different regions of the country. Given that spatial strategies are a relatively new departure in Philippine agriculture, Chapter 4 draws on experience at the national and subnational levels of other Asian countries to derive positive lessons for implementing them in the Philippines.

Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Food Security

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What is the future for agriculture in Peru? Once the principal source of employment and income for much of the population, Peru's agricultural sector has declined in importance as the national economy has grown and urbanized. Economic activity in the sector has continued to grow, but economic activity in other sectors has grown more rapidly, leaving agriculture to make up an ever smaller share of the overall economy. The future of Peruvian agriculture should concern policy makers, for at least five reasons. First, agriculture makes up an important part of the economy, so if agricultural growth decelerates, overall growth will suffer. Second, an expanding agricultural sector diversifies Peru's economy and reduces dependence on extractives, so if the agricultural sector contracts relative to other sectors, economic growth could become more volatile. Third, agriculture-led growth is good for the poor, so if agricultural growth slows, an important means of reducing poverty will be lost. Fourth, Peru relies on food imports to make up production shortfalls, so if agricultural production fails to keep pace with population growth, national food security could be threatened. Fifth, climate-smart agricultural practices can play a major role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and sequestering carbon, so if future agricultural practices are not climate smart, an important opportunity to help mitigate climate change will be missed. This report synthesizes current knowledge about the ongoing transformation of Peru's agriculture and food system, assesses the recent performance of the agriculture sector with an emphasis on productivity and competitiveness, and highlights opportunities for enhancing the future contribution of the agriculture sector toward meeting the country's development challenges.

Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agricultural Trade --- Agriculture --- Export Competitiveness --- Trade Facilitation

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The objective of this note is to provide insights into the potential effect of the adaptation protocol (AP) on imports of European Union (EU) agricultural, food and fisheries products into Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). We adapt and calibrate the Tariff Reform Impact Simulation Tool (TRIST), a partial equilibrium trade model developed by the World Bank, to estimate the impact of imports from the EU on consumption and local production of agricultural and food products for which disaggregated data is available. The impact of a change in tariffs is modeled in a simple partial equilibrium trade model with imperfect substitution between imports from different trading partners and domestic production. The team benefitted from the cooperation with the counterparts (MOFTER and Ministries) regarding data and inputs. This analysis has important limitations and the results should be considered as indicative estimates. This is a trade analysis that only partially reflects the overall impact and provides a very short term perspective on trade interactions. TRIST is a static model that depends on the availability of disaggregated agricultural data on both imports and production.

Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agricultural Trade --- Agriculture --- Food Security

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Developing countries across East Asia have made impressive progress in economic development. Despite the effect of the 1997-1998 financial crisis, poverty rates in the region have been consistently declining. Agriculture played a key role by driving growth in the early stages of industrialization. It also contributed to reducing rural poverty by including smallholders into modern food markets and creating jobs in agriculture and agroindustry. As incomes rise and countries urbanize, the composition of domestic food expenditure is shifting from basic and unprocessed staple foods to meat, horticulture and processed foods. In order to take full advantage of these emerging trade opportunities policy makers across East Asian countries must support agribusinesses with effective regulations. Benchmarking regulatory frameworks in East Asian economies through the EBA indicators suggests few general trends. First, these countries tend to perform better on efficiency than on legal components. Second, most countries over perform the global average on fertilizer regulations but fail to do so when regulating seed systems. Third, access to markets and finance regulations are two areas where regulation in the region is particularly weak.

Access to Finance --- Agribusiness --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Finance --- Infrastructure --- Private Sector Development