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This study is based on field surveys conducted in the Brazilian Amazon and covers twenty years of settlement experience. Its findings reveal that much of the Amazonian frontier land deforested by pioneers in the 1970s is becoming agriculturally unproductive. In response to the Brazilian economic crisis of the 1980s, a growing urban middle class began buying such land and holding it as a store of value, causing original settlers to leave and migrate to new frontiers within the Amazon.The authors conclude that for small farmers to be prevented from moving on and clearing new frontiers, they must be rewarded for staying in the old ones. THis requires promoting good farming, punishing speculation,a nd directly penalizing deforestation, through the innovative use of economic policies and new forms of cooperation between environmental and economic agencies at the local, national, and international levels, including the World Bank. Paradoxically, sustainable farming in the Amazon world would not likely attract migrants from outside the region, but unsustainable farming is sure to continue fueling intra-regional migration, even if the general economic crisis were to subside during the 1990s. Consequently, there is increasing urgency to devise policies that protect the forest by providing poor farmers with economic alternatives to encroachment.

Soil pollution. Soil purification --- Third World: agricultural and food problems --- Amazon Valey --- Deforestation --- Land settlement --- Sustainable agriculture --- Déboisement --- Colonisation intérieure --- Agriculture durable --- Amazon Valley --- Déboisement --- Colonisation intérieure --- Amazon river region --- Brazil --- Developing countries: agricultural and food problems --- Land settlement - Amazon River Region. --- Land settlement - Brazil. --- Sustainable agriculture - Amazon River Region. --- Sustainable agriculture - Brazil. --- Deforestation - Amazon River Region. --- Deforestation - Brazil.

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Industrial economics --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Latin America --- Deforestation --- Forest protection --- Forests and forestry --- Déforestation --- Protection de la forêt --- Forêts et sylviculture --- Social aspects --- Economic aspects --- Aspect social --- Aspect économique --- 630*914 --- 630*9 <728> --- -Forest protection --- -Forests and forestry --- -Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Protection of forests --- Forest conservation --- Forest management --- Plants, Protection of --- Conversion, Forest --- Depletion of forests --- Disforestation --- Forest conversion --- Forest depletion --- Forest-land conversion --- Clearing of land --- Forest fires --- Plants --- Relations between forest and waste land. Utilization and afforestation of waste land. Deforestation --- Forests and forestry from the national point of view. Forestry policy. Afforestation policy. Social economics of forestry--Midden-Amerika. Centraal-Amerika --- -Control --- Extinction --- Central America --- Forests --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Forestry --- Exploitation --- Forest Policy --- Central America. --- Exploitation. --- Forest Policy. --- -Relations between forest and waste land. Utilization and afforestation of waste land. Deforestation --- -630*914 --- 630*9 <728> Forests and forestry from the national point of view. Forestry policy. Afforestation policy. Social economics of forestry--Midden-Amerika. Centraal-Amerika --- 630*914 Relations between forest and waste land. Utilization and afforestation of waste land. Deforestation --- -630*914 Relations between forest and waste land. Utilization and afforestation of waste land. Deforestation --- Forest land --- -Deforestation --- Conservation of Natural Resources --- Déforestation --- Protection de la forêt --- Forêts et sylviculture --- Aspect économique --- Control --- Deforestation - Central America --- Forest protection - Central America --- Forests and forestry - Social aspects - Central America

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Nature --- Deforestation --- Forest ecology --- Environmental policy --- Forest conservation --- Effect of human beings on --- Forest ecosystems --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Conservation of forests --- Forest preservation --- Preservation of forests --- Nature conservation --- Conversion, Forest --- Depletion of forests --- Disforestation --- Forest conversion --- Forest depletion --- Forest-land conversion --- Clearing of land --- Forest fires --- Plants --- Conservation --- Control --- Extinction --- Nature - Effect of human beings on - Developing countries --- Deforestation - Developing countries --- Forest ecology - Developing countries --- Environmental policy - Developing countries --- Forest conservation - Developing countries

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It was the age of exploration, the age of empire and conquest, and human beings were extending their reach-and their numbers-as never before. In the process, they were intervening in the world's natural environment in equally unprecedented and dramatic ways. A sweeping work of environmental history, The Unending Frontier offers a truly global perspective on the profound impact of humanity on the natural world in the early modern period. John F. Richards identifies four broadly shared historical processes that speeded environmental change from roughly 1500 to 1800 c.e.: intensified human land use along settlement frontiers; biological invasions; commercial hunting of wildlife; and problems of energy scarcity. The Unending Frontier considers each of these trends in a series of case studies, sometimes of a particular place, such as Tokugawa Japan and early modern England and China, sometimes of a particular activity, such as the fur trade in North America and Russia, cod fishing in the North Atlantic, and whaling in the Arctic. Throughout, Richards shows how humans-whether clearing forests or draining wetlands, transporting bacteria, insects, and livestock; hunting species to extinction, or reshaping landscapes-altered the material well-being of the natural world along with their own.

Human ecology --- Nature --- Environmental history --- History. --- Effect of human beings on --- Human ecology - History --- Nature - Effect of human beings on - History --- age of exploration. --- case studies. --- china. --- commercial hunting. --- conquest. --- deforestation. --- early modern period. --- england. --- environmental change. --- environmental history. --- environmental impact. --- frontier life. --- fur trade. --- global history. --- global perspective. --- historical processes. --- human impact. --- imperialism. --- japan. --- natural environment. --- natural historians. --- natural history. --- natural world. --- north america. --- reshaping landscapes. --- russia. --- settlement frontiers. --- wetland ecology.

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Community forests --- Forest management --- Forest policy --- Forest ecology --- Forest conservation --- Forests and forestry --- #SBIB:39A4 --- #SBIB:39A74 --- Conservation of forests --- Forest preservation --- Preservation of forests --- Nature conservation --- Deforestation --- Ecology --- Forest resource policy --- State and forestry --- Economic policy --- Forest administration --- Forest plants --- Forest resource administration --- Forest resource management --- Forest stewardship --- Forest vegetation management --- Forestry management --- Stewardship, Forest --- Vegetation management, Forest --- Ecosystem management --- Natural resources --- Communal forests --- Community-managed forests --- Forest commons --- Forests and forestry, Cooperative --- Natural resources, Communal --- Toegepaste antropologie --- Etnografie: Amerika --- Conservation --- Control --- Government policy --- Management --- Administration --- Forestry --- Mexico --- Environmental law --- Forest ecosystems --- Community forests - Mexico --- Forest management - Mexico --- Forest policy - Mexico --- Forest ecology - Mexico --- Forest conservation - Mexico --- Forests and forestry - Mexico