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Refugees

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Lebanon hosts the highest number of refugees per capita worldwide and is central to European policies of outsourcing migration management. Hybrid Political Order and the Politics of Uncertainty is the first book to critically and comprehensively explore the parallels between the country's engagement with the recent Syrian refugee influx and the more protracted Palestinian presence. Drawing on fieldwork, qualitative case-studies, and critical policy analysis, it questions the dominant idea that the haphazardness, inconsistency, and fragmentation of refugee governance are only the result of forced displacement or host state fragility and the related capacity problems. It demonstrates that the endemic ambiguity that determines refugee governance also results from a lack of political will to create coherent and comprehensive rules of engagement to address refugee 'crises.' Building on emerging literatures in the fields of critical refugee studies, hybrid governance, and ignorance studies, it proposes an innovative conceptual framework to capture the spatial, temporal, and procedural dimensions of the uncertainty that refugees face and to tease out the strategic components of the reproduction and extension of such informality, liminality, and exceptionalism. In developing the notion of a 'politics of uncertainty,' ambiguity is explored as a component of a governmentality that enables the control, exploitation, and expulsion of refugees.

Refugees.

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How was migration multilevel governance implemented at the regional level in Italy during the refugee crisis? The chapter analyses the case study of the Tuscany Region in 2017-2018. The first part focuses on the migration reception model adopted. The second part describes the distribution of asylum seekers in the provinces of Florence, Siena and Arezzo. The last part deals with a comparative analysis of the tendering procedures for CAS (Centri di accoglienza straordinari- extraordinary centers of reception) published between 2015 and 2018 by the Prefectures of Florence, Siena and Arezzo.

Refugees.

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How do right wing populist parties politicize migration in different political, economic and social contexts? The chapter aims to provide an answer to this question by analyzing four parties: the Italian (Northern) League, the Spanish VOX, the German Alternative for Germany and the Austrian Freedom Party. Opposition to migration and negative reactions towards multicultural societies are recurrent arguments in the rhetoric of right-wing populist parties. The authors offer a multidimensional description of converging and diverging patterns of representation of migration in the four countries. URI.

Political refugees.

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Refugees --- Political refugees --- Iraq War, 2003-2011 --- Refugees.