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Du cinéma qui naît à la fin du XIX? siècle à celui qui s'expose aujourd'hui au musée s'est jouée une histoire en trois temps, dont chacun est venu décrire un usage théorique et social du signifiant « cinéma ». Le premier consacre un appareil d'enregistrement et de projection des images en mouvement qui, parmi d'autres, a réussi à imposer un modèle technique et industriel de production des films. Point d'arrivée d'une culture visuelle façonnée par les panoramas, la photographie, le chemin de fer, la lanterne magique et les jouets optiques, le cinématographe consigne une vaste iconographie documentaire avant de s'ouvrir aux formes divertissantes du spectacle. C'est le moment Lumière. Pourtant, dès le début des années 1910, ce premier moment historique est contrarié par une demande d'art qui va profondément modifier son profil culturel et social.

Films, cinema

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The Special Issue "Synthesis and Modification of Nanostructured Thin Films" highlights the recent progress in thin film synthesis/modification and characterization. New methods are reviewed for the synthesis and/or modification of thin films based on laser, magnetron, chemical, and other techniques. The obtained thin nanostructures are characterized by complex and complementary techniques. We think that most of proposed methods can be directly applied in production, but some others still need further elaboration for long-term prospective applications in lasers, optics, materials, electronics, informatics, telecommunications, biology, medicine, and probably many other domains. The Guest Editor and the MDPI staff are therefore pleased to offer this Special Issue to interested readers, including graduate and PhD students as well as postdoctoral researchers, but also to the entire community interested in the field of nanomaterials. We share the conviction that this can serve as a useful tool for updating the literature, but also to aid in the conception of new production and/or research programs. There is plenty of room for further dedicated R&D advances based on new instruments and materials under development.

Thin films.

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In the 1960s, Suzuki Seijun met with modest success in directing popular movies about yakuza gangsters and mild exploitation films featuring prostitutes and teenage rebels. In this book, Peter Yacavone argues that Suzuki became an unlikely cinematic rebel and, with hindsight, one of the most important voices in the global cinema of the 1960s.

Horror films.

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The comic transcends the merely entertaining, and fans of comics become engaged and invested in the field through a range of activities. Major cities host regular comic conventions, attracting hundreds of thousands of attendees each year, who search for special issues of their favourite comic-book series, meet artists, attend workshops and buy merchandise. Many fans do not stop at just attending conventions; they do so dressed as their favourite comic characters or wearing badges, buttons, T-shirts or sweaters with images of those characters on them. In other words: many fans do ot merely consume comic books; rather, they arrange a considerable part of their lives around them and in some cases even embody their heroes, that is, they copy their behaviour and their language. The comic universe, the comic books and the range of activities emerging out of them and around them become a meaningful universe for fans.

Animated films.

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Thin films can be used for a variety of applications. The engineering of thin films is complicated by the fact that their physics is not well understood. The vast varieties of thin film materials, their deposition, processing and fabrication techniques, optical characterization probes, physical properties, spectroscopic characterization, and properties-structure relationships are the key features of such devices and the basis of thin film technologies. Depending on the desired properties, several techniques have been developed for the deposition of thin films of metals, alloys, ceramics, polymers, and superconductors on a variety of substrate materials. The book describes several principles and applications.

Thin films. --- Ferroelectric thin films.