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Since the emergence of the Coronavirus-19 infectious disease (COVID-19) pandemic, a rising number of reports have underlined the risk of increasing antimicrobial resistance due to antibiotic overuse in COVID-19 patients. In addition, many physicians and pharmacists involved in antimicrobial stewardship have had to shift their activities to the containment of the COVID-19 crisis. In contrast to this observed overconsumption of antibiotics, very few bacterial superinfections have been documented in COVID-19 patients, especially in patients admitted outside the intensive care unit and in the first days of admission. However, the identification of bacterial co-/superinfections in COVID-19 patients is difficult, as inflammatory and radiological markers of bacterial infection lack specificity in this setting. Furthermore, studies regarding the effect of immune suppression, including the use of corticosteroids and anti-interleukins, and the effect of potential immunomodulatory properties of certain antibiotics on the occurrence of bacterial co-/superinfection are needed.This Special Issue of Antibiotics aims to increase our knowledge regarding (more or less specific) markers associated with bacterial co-/superinfection in COVID-19 patients, quantitative and qualitative data regarding antibiotic prescriptions in COVID-19 patients, potential beneficial effects of antibiotic use in certain COVID-19 subgroups, detrimental effects associated with antibiotic overuse in COVID-19 patients, and evidence-based guidelines, which could facilitate the decision-making process when antibiotic prescriptions are considered.

Community-acquired pneumonia. --- CAP (Community-acquired pneumonia) --- Community-acquired infections --- Pneumonia

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Pneumonia is an inflammatory disease of the air sacs and surrounding interstitium caused by infectious agents or by endogenous inflammatory tissue disorder termed interstitial pneumonia. The present book covers contemporary topics of community, hospital, and health care-related bacterial and viral pneumonia in the setting of drug resistance, environmental exposures, climate change, hormonal influences, and gender. The topic of interstitial pneumonia is brought under the lens of an immune-related connective tissue disease.

Pneumonia. --- Lungs --- Pneumonitis --- Inflammation --- Diseases --- Medicine --- Pulmonology --- Internal Medicine --- Health Sciences

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This reprint is a compilation of ten publications, including original-research and review articles, and the accompanying editorial within the scope of a Special Issue entitled: "State of the Art in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis" published in Cells.

Pulmonary fibrosis. --- Alveolitis, Fibrosing --- Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis --- Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis --- Fibrosing alveolitis --- Hamman-Rich syndrome --- Interstitial fibrosis of the lung --- Interstitial pneumonia --- Interstitial pneumonitis --- Lungs --- Pneumonia, Interstitial --- Pneumonitis, Interstitial --- Fibrosis --- Diseases

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SARS (Acute Respiratory Syndrome) first presented itself to the global medical community as a case of atypical pneumonia in one small Chinese village in November 2002. Three months later the mysterious illness rapidly spread and appeared in Vietnam, Hong Kong, Toronto and then Singapore. The high fatality rate and sheer speed at which this disease spread prompted the World Health Organization to initiate a medieval practice of quarantine in the absence of any scientific knowledge of the disease. Now three years on from the initital outbreak, SARS poses no major threat and has vanished from

SARS (Disease) --- Public health. --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Acute respiratory syndrome, Severe --- Respiratory syndrome, Severe acute --- Severe acute respiratory syndrome --- Coronavirus infections --- Respiratory infections --- Syndromes --- outbreak --- patient --- virus --- atypical --- pneumonia --- crisis --- hong --- kong --- jiang --- yanyong

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) has spread worldwide from the beginning of 2020. The infection is mostly asymptomatic but some patients may develop COVID‑19 (coronavirus disease 2019) with a severe or critical course leading to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure. Apart from the virus‑related damage of the lungs, pathomechanism of the disease seems to be linked to thromboembolism and inflammation accompanied by overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, termed a cytokine storm, responsible for multiorgan damage and death. Since the development of a new therapeutic molecule, dedicated strictly to a particular virus is time‑consuming, physicians and scientists have started to test and repurpose old medications. Unfortunately, after one year of pandemics, there is still a lack of optimal therapy and no clear indicators of recovery. A major issue is also insufficient knowledge on predictors of the severe or deadly course of the disease, which could also help to switch from one therapeutic option to another. Due to many gaps still existing in the management of COVID-19, there is a need for the accumulation of new data particularly from real-world experience, which could be applicable to practice guidelines. The objective of this special issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine is to provide an update on the mangement for the diagnostic workup and pharmacotherapy of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection.

Medicine --- COVID-19 --- SARS-CoV-2 --- interleukin-6 --- tocilizumab --- therapy --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- cytokines --- severity --- prognosis --- mortality --- kidney failure --- rapid diagnostic test --- antigen detection --- Cytomegalovirus --- co-infections --- critical care --- liver markers --- inflammation --- morbidity --- personalized medicine --- liver functional tests --- COVID-19 pneumonia --- meta-analysis --- trial sequential analysis --- children --- clinical presentation --- coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) --- epidemiology --- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) --- clinical outcome --- symptomatology --- pandemic --- angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) --- AT1R concentration --- angiotensin II --- symptoms’ severity --- diagnosis --- artificial intelligence --- medical imaging --- systematic umbrella review --- methodological credibility --- PCR test --- COVID-19 diagnosis --- Charlson Comorbidities Index --- cluster analysis --- longitudinal cluster --- individualized management --- n/a --- symptoms' severity