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Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) - the conversion of molecular nitrogen into ammonia - is one of the most important reactions in ecology and agriculture. It is performed exclusively by microbes (prokaryotes) that live in symbiosis with plants. This book summarizes the latest research on this reaction, the participating microbes and the genetics of how their relevant genes could be transferred into the plants. In the light of a more sustainable and less ecologically damaging agriculture, this is becoming an increasingly pressing issue.

Nitrogen --- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria --- Rhizobium --- Fixation --- Congresses. --- Congresses --- Biochemistry. --- Plant ecology. --- Agriculture. --- Forestry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Plant Ecology. --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Botany --- Phytoecology --- Plants --- Vegetation ecology --- Ecology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Floristic ecology --- Root nodule bacteria --- Rhizobiaceae

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Fifteen years ago, approximately half the world population was estimated to live in continental and insular South-East Asia (Burma, Thailand, Kampuchea, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia, Philippines). Then the region had a population growth of four million people every month, and the problem of malnutrition was acute for the rural population. International agricultural development organisations decided that their primary aim would be to double existing levels of agricultural production and, taking account of population growth, to double it again by the end of the century (Whyte 1976). Today, while global issues have greatly affected the parameters of the problem, the situation remains both serious and difficult. Despite impressive efforts in education and health, Indonesia for example, where population (179 millions) growth eased off only slightly between 1980 and 1990 (from 2. 3 percent to 1. 9 percent), is having to cope with increasing difficulties in managing natural resources and particularly its evanescent forest assets which, until 1986, were the second largest source of national revenue. Indonesia has the second largest surface area of tropical rain forests in the world (after Brazil) and thus all the problems linked with management and disappearance of those forests. The latest estimate gives a figure of 109 million hectares of forest in 1990, of which 40. 8 million hectares are production forests (Anon. -F AO 1990).

Physical geography --- Phytogeography --- Plant ecology --- Rain forest plants --- Ecology --- Indonesia --- Sumatra --- ecology --- forest types --- phytogeography --- rain forests --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Forestry. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Plant Sciences. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- Floristic botany --- Botany --- Floristic ecology --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology

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Botanists --- Botany --- Botanistes --- Botanique --- Correspondence --- History --- Sources --- Correspondance --- Histoire --- Chaix, Dominique --- Villars, Dominique --- Bontanists --- Correspondence. --- Sources. --- -Botany --- -Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- -Sources --- -Villars, Dominique --- -Correspondence --- HIS History & Biographies --- history of botany --- correspondence --- botanists --- France --- 18th century --- Botanical science --- Plant biologists --- Plant scientists --- Biologists --- Plant specialists --- History&delete& --- History. --- Plant systematics. --- Plant taxonomy. --- Forestry. --- History of Science. --- History, general. --- Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography. --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Botanical classification --- Botanical systematics --- Botanical taxonomy --- Classification --- Plant biosystematics --- Plant classification --- Plant systematics --- Plant taxonomy --- Systematic botany --- Systematics (Botany) --- Taxonomy, Plant --- Plant taxonomists --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Floristic botany --- Phytologists --- Villars, Dominique, --- Bontanists - France - Correspondence. --- Botany - France - History - 18th century - Sources. --- Chaix (dominique)

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Fagus --- Fagus sylvatica --- Distribution géographique --- Geographical distribution --- Provenance --- Facteur lié au site --- site factors --- forests --- Aménagement forestier --- Forest management --- Couverture végétale --- Plant cover --- Taux de croissance --- Growth rate --- Asie --- Asia --- Amérique du Nord --- North America --- Europe --- forestry --- forest ecology --- Fagaceae --- Eastern Asia --- Plant ecology. --- Trees. --- Forestry management. --- Forestry. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Plant Ecology. --- Tree Biology. --- Forestry Management. --- Plant Sciences. --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Forest administration --- Forest plants --- Forest resource administration --- Forest resource management --- Forest stewardship --- Forest vegetation management --- Forestry management --- Forests and forestry --- Stewardship, Forest --- Vegetation management, Forest --- Ecosystem management --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Botany --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Ecology --- Management --- Administration --- Control --- Floristic botany --- Floristic ecology

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Research on decomposer communities of terrestrial ecosystems for a long time has focussed on microbial biomass and gross turnover parameters. Recently, more and more attempts are made to look beyond the biomass, and more specifically determine functions and populations on a smaller scale-in time and space. A multitude of techniques is being improved and developed. Garland and Mills (1991) triggered a series of publications on substrate utilization tests in the field of microbial ecology. Despite several promising results for different applications in different laboratories, many problems concerning the assay and the interpretation of results became evident. After individual discussions on the approach with colleagues from various laboratories we started to plan a workshop on the matter. The response on our first circular was extraordinary, and instead of a small workshop it became a meeting with almost 150 participants. The meeting was named 'Substrate use for characterization of microbial communities in terrestrial ecosystems' (SUBMECO) and was held in Innsbruck, Austria, from Oct. 16-18, 1996. The very focussed scope attracted enthusiastic advocates of the approach, and also serious critics. Some of the topics concerned improvements of current inoculation and incubation techniques, ranging from sample pre-treatment, inoculum density and incubation temperature to statistical data handling. New methods for calculating microbial diversity were proposed, as well as bootstrap methods that allow statistics with many variables on a relatively low number of replicates.

Microbiologie --- Microbiology --- Micro-organisme --- microorganisms --- Propriété des micro-organismes --- Microbial properties --- Biodégradation --- Biodegradation --- Écologie microbienne --- microbial ecology --- Biologie du sol --- Soil biology --- Pollution du sol --- Soil pollution --- Détoxification --- Detoxification --- Fertilité du sol --- soil fertility --- Fermentation --- Soil microbial ecology --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Soil Science --- Research --- Methodology. --- Soil Biology --- Soil Biology. --- Biodegradation. --- Detoxification. --- Microbiology. --- Ecology . --- Agriculture. --- Forestry. --- Ecology. --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Ecology --- Microbial ecology --- Research. --- Environmental microbiology --- Soil ecology