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Fairs --- Merchants --- History --- History --- Europe --- Commerce --- History.

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-#A0012A --- 939 Nederlandse geschiedenis --- -Merchants --- Amsterdam. --- Merchants --- History --- Amsterdam (Netherlands) --- Commerce --- #A0012A --- Businesspeople --- Amesterdão (Netherlands) --- Amstelodamum (Netherlands) --- Amstelaedamum (Netherlands) --- Amstelredamum (Netherlands) --- Amsterodamum (Netherlands) --- Amstelrodamum (Netherlands) --- History of the Netherlands --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Amsterdam

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First Published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Commerçants dans la littérature --- Economics in literature --- Economie dans la littérature --- Economie in de literatuur --- Handelaars in de literatuur --- Jews in literature --- Joden in de literatuur --- Juifs dans la littérature --- Merchants in literature --- American fiction --- Economics in literature. --- English fiction --- Jews in literature. --- Merchants in literature. --- Modernism (Literature) --- History and criticism. --- 19th century --- History and criticism --- 20th century --- English-speaking countries

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Saxons --- Archaeology, Medieval --- Migrations of nations --- Civilization, Medieval --- Commerce --- Archéologie médiévale --- Migrations de peuples --- Civilisation médiévale --- Congresses --- Congresses. --- History --- Congrès --- Histoire --- Europe --- Antiquities --- Antiquités --- Germanic antiquities --- -Europe --- -Germanic antiquities --- -Saxons --- -940.11 --- Ethnology --- Germanic peoples --- Nations, Migrations of --- Human beings --- Trade --- Economics --- Business --- Transportation --- Medieval civilization --- Middle Ages --- Civilization --- Chivalry --- Renaissance --- History, Medieval --- -Antiquities --- Geschiedenis van Europa:--ca.375-843 --- Migrations --- 940.11 Geschiedenis van Europa:--ca.375-843 --- Archéologie médiévale --- Civilisation médiévale --- Congrès --- Antiquités --- 940.11 --- Traffic (Commerce) --- Merchants --- Saxons - Germany - Congresses --- Saxons - Europe - Congresses --- Germanic antiquities - Congresses --- Migrations of nations - Congresses --- Civilization, Medieval - Congresses --- Commerce - History - Medieval, 500-1500 - Congresses --- Europe - Antiquities - Congresses

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Ontologies have been developed and investigated for some time in artificial intelligence to facilitate knowledge sharing and reuse. More recently, the notion of ontologies has attracted attention from fields such as databases, intelligent information integration, cooperative information systems, information retrieval, electronic commerce, enterprise application integration, and knowledge management. This broadened interest in ontologies is based on the feature that they provide a machine-processable semantics of information sources that can be communicated among agents as well as between software artifacts and humans. This feature makes ontologies the backbone technology of the next web generation, i.e., the Semantic Web. Ontologies are currently applied in areas such as knowledge management in large company-wide networks and call centers, and in B2C, B2G, and B2B electronic commerce. In a nutshell, ontologies enable effective and efficient access to heterogeneous and distributed information sources. Given the increasing amount of information available online, this kind of support is becoming more important day by day. The author systematically introduces the notion of ontologies to the non-expert reader and demonstrates in detail how to apply this conceptual framework for improved intranet retrieval of corporate information and knowledge and for enhanced Internet-based electronic commerce. He also describes ontology languages (XML, RDF, and OWL) and ontology tools, and the application of ontologies. In addition to structural improvements, the second edition covers recent developments relating to the Semantic Web, and emerging web-based standard languages. .

Database management. --- Electronic commerce. --- Semantic Web. --- Trade. --- Business. --- Commerce. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer science. --- User interfaces (Computer systems). --- E-commerce. --- Information technology. --- Business—Data processing. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Computer Science, general. --- User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction. --- e-Commerce/e-business. --- IT in Business. --- IT (Information technology) --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management --- Cybercommerce --- E-business --- E-commerce --- E-tailing --- eBusiness --- eCommerce --- Electronic business --- Internet commerce --- Internet retailing --- Online commerce --- Web retailing --- Commerce --- Interfaces, User (Computer systems) --- Human-machine systems --- Human-computer interaction --- Informatics --- Science --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Trade --- Economics --- Business --- Transportation --- Management --- Industrial management --- Traffic (Commerce) --- Merchants