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This book shows that Holocene human ecosystems are complex adaptive systems in which humans interacted with their environment in a nested series of spatial and temporal scales. Using panarchy theory, it integrates paleoecological and archaeological research from the Eastern Woodlands of North America providing a paradigm to help resolve long-standing disagreements between ecologists and archaeologists about the importance of prehistoric Native Americans as agents for ecological change. The authors present the concept of a panarchy of complex adaptive cycles as applied to the development of increasingly complex human ecosystems through time. They explore examples of ecological interactions at the level of gene, population, community, landscape and regional hierarchical scales, emphasizing the ecological pattern and process involving the development of human ecosystems. Finally, they offer a perspective on the implications of the legacy of Native Americans as agents of change for conservation and ecological restoration efforts today.

Biotic communities --- Indigenous peoples --- Nature --- Paleoecology --- Paleo-Indians --- Plant remains (Archaeology) --- Aboriginal peoples --- Aborigines --- Adivasis --- Indigenous populations --- Native peoples --- Native races --- Ethnology --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Population biology --- Archaeobotanical assemblages --- Archaeobotanical material --- Archaeobotanical remains --- Archaeobotany --- Archaeological plant remains --- Archaeology, Botanical --- Assemblages, Archaeobotanical --- Botanical archaeology --- Botany in archaeology --- Material, Archaeobotanical --- Phytoarchaeology --- Remains, Archaeobotanical --- Remains, Plant (Archaeology) --- Remains, Vegetal (Archaeology) --- Vegetal remains (Archaeology) --- Archaeology --- Paleobotany --- Anthracology --- Paleo-Americans --- Paleo-Amerinds --- Paleoamericans --- Paleoamerinds --- Paleoindians --- Stone age --- Indians --- Prehistoric peoples --- Holocene Epoch --- Late Quaternary Period --- Postglacial Epoch --- Recent Epoch --- Effect of human beings on --- Methodology --- East (U.S.) --- Eastern States (U.S.) --- Eastern United States --- United States, Eastern --- Antiquities. --- Life Sciences --- General and Others --- Ethnoecology --- Indiens du paléolithique --- Autochtones --- Homme --- Restes de plantes (Archéologie) --- Paléoécologie --- Ecosystèmes --- Ecologie --- Influence sur la nature --- Etats-Unis (Est) --- Antiquités