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Since the arrival of Europeans about 500 years ago, an estimated 50,000 non-native species have been introduced to North America (including Hawaii). Non-native species figure prominently in our lives, often as ornamentals, sources of food or pests. Although many introduced species are beneficial, there is increasing awareness of the enormous economic costs associated with non-native pests. In contrast, the ecological impacts of non-native species have received much less public and scientific attention, despite the fact that invasion by exotic species ranks second to habitat destruction as a cause of species loss. In particular, there is little information about the ecological impacts of hyper-diverse groups such as terrestrial fungi and invertebrates. A science symposium, Ecological impacts of non-native invertebrates and fungi on terrestrial ecosystems, held in 2006, brought together scientists from the USA and Canada to review the state of knowledge in this field of work. Additional reviews were solicited following the symposium. The resulting set of review/synthesis papers and case studies represents a cross-section of work on ecological impacts of non-native terrestrial invertebrates and fungi. Although there is a strong focus on Canadian work, there is also significant presentation of work in the northern USA and Europe.

Nature protection --- General ecology and biosociology --- Plant ecology. Plant sociology --- Eumycetes --- Invertebrates --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Ecology. --- Nature Conservation. --- Invertebrates. --- Conservation biology. --- Terrestial Ecology. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology. --- Ecology --- Nature conservation --- Invertebrata --- Animals --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Conservation --- Ecology . --- Nature conservation.

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The tropics are home to most of the world's biodiversity and are currently the frontier for human settlement. Tropical ecosystems are being converted to agricultural and other land uses at unprecedented rates. Land conversion and maintenance almost always rely on fire and, because of this, fire is now more prevalent in the tropics than anywhere else on Earth. Despite pervasive fire, human settlement and threatened biodiversity, there is little comprehensive information available on fire and its effects in tropical ecosystems. Tropical deforestation, especially in rainforests, has been widely documented for many years. Forests are cut down and allowed to dry before being burned to remove biomass and release nutrients to grow crops. However, fires do not always stop at the borders of cleared forests. Tremendously damaging fires are increasingly spreading into forests that were never evolutionarily prepared for wild fires. The largest fires on the planet in recent decades have occurred in tropical forests and burned millions of hectares in several countries. The numerous ecosystems of the tropics have differing levels of fire resistance, resilience or dependence. At present, there is little appreciation of the seriousness of the wild fire situation in tropical rainforests but there is even less understanding of the role that fire plays in the ecology of many fire adapted tropical ecosystems, such as savannas, grasslands and other forest types.

Life Sciences. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology. --- Climate Change. --- Nature Conservation. --- Meteorology/Climatology. --- Life sciences. --- Meteorology. --- Conservation biology. --- Climatic changes. --- Sciences de la vie --- Météorologie --- Biologie de la conservation --- Climat --- Changements --- Écosystème --- ecosystems --- Zone tropicale --- Tropical zones --- Incendie --- Fires --- Brûlage --- Burning --- Succession écologique --- ecological succession --- Dynamique des populations --- population dynamics --- Changement climatique --- Climatic change --- Impact sur l'environnement --- Environmental impact --- Défrichement --- Land clearing --- Utilisation des terres --- land use --- Contexte économique --- economic environment

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Conservation genetics focuses on understanding the role of genetic variation for population persistence. This book is about the methods used to study genetic variation in endangered species and whether genetic variation matters in the extinction of species. - ;Conservation genetics focuses on understanding the role and requirement of genetic variation for population persistence. However, considerable debate now surrounds the role of genetic factors (as opposed to non-genetic factors such as habitat destruction etc.) in population extinction, and a comprehensive synthesis is now timely. Can ext

Genetic Variation. --- Biological Evolution. --- Extinction, Biological. --- Biodiversity conservation. --- Biodiversity. --- Conservation biology. --- Ecological genetics. --- Evolutionary genetics. --- Extinction, Mass --- Extinction, Species --- Mass Extinction --- Species Extinction --- Biological Extinction --- Biological Extinctions --- Extinctions, Biological --- Extinctions, Mass --- Extinctions, Species --- Mass Extinctions --- Species Extinctions --- Endangered Species --- Evolution, Biological --- Sociobiology --- Diversity, Genetic --- Genetic Diversity --- Variation, Genetic --- Diversities, Genetic --- Genetic Diversities --- Genetic Variations --- Variations, Genetic --- Biological Variation, Population --- Ecological genetics --- Evolutionary genetics --- Conservation biology --- Biodiversity --- Biodiversity conservation

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The tropics are home to most of the world’s biodiversity and are currently the frontier for human settlement. Tropical ecosystems are being converted to agricultural and other land uses at unprecedented rates. Land conversion and maintenance almost always rely on fire and, because of this, fire is now more prevalent in the tropics than anywhere else on Earth. Despite pervasive fire, human settlement and threatened biodiversity, there is little comprehensive information available on fire and its effects in tropical ecosystems. Tropical deforestation, especially in rainforests, has been widely documented for many years. Forests are cut down and allowed to dry before being burned to remove biomass and release nutrients to grow crops. However, fires do not always stop at the borders of cleared forests. Tremendously damaging fires are increasingly spreading into forests that were never evolutionarily prepared for wild fires. The largest fires on the planet in recent decades have occurred in tropical forests and burned millions of hectares in several countries. The numerous ecosystems of the tropics have differing levels of fire resistance, resilience or dependence. At present, there is little appreciation of the seriousness of the wild fire situation in tropical rainforests but there is even less understanding of the role that fire plays in the ecology of many fire adapted tropical ecosystems, such as savannas, grasslands and other forest types.

Fire ecology --Tropics. --- Forest ecology --Tropics. --- Wildfires --Environmental aspects --Tropics. --- Fire ecology --- Wildfires --- Forest ecology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Ecology --- Environmental aspects --- Bush fires --- Bushfires --- Wild fires --- Wildland fires --- Ecopyrology --- Fires --- Fire --- Life sciences. --- Climate change. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Physical geography. --- Ecology. --- Conservation biology. --- Nature conservation. --- Life Sciences. --- Physical Geography. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology. --- Climate Change Management and Policy. --- Nature Conservation. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Nature conservation --- Geography --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Conservation --- Ecology . --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Global environmental change

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There is still a widespread belief that microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, protists, and small multicellulars, have a cosmopolitan distribution due to a presumed easy dispersal by wind and water. However, the contributions collected in this book – ranging from protists to rotifers and mosses – show that microorganisms have community structures and biogeographies similar to those found in animals and vascular plants, although the ranges of many can be wider and local endemism is rarer. Accordingly, the cosmopolitan distribution model of Finlay & Fenchel is to be replaced by the moderate endemicity model of Foissner, which assumes that one third of microscopic organisms are morphological and/or genetic endemics. This has far-reaching consequences for estimates of the number of species and their conservation. There is convincing evidence that we know only about 20% of the actual diversity in many protist groups, especially saprotrophs and heterotrophs such as amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates. It is probable that this great diversity of microscopic organisms is caused by low extinction rates over geological time, and short generation times which foster dispersal of genetic variants. That the great diversity of microorganisms has remained unrecognized for such a long time has several reasons, of which the most serious is a shortage of taxonomists. Considering the dramatic losses of habitats occurring, especially in the tropics, a large portion of the Earth’s protist biodiversity will disappear before it has been discovered. Reprinted from Biodiversity and Conservation, volume 17:2 (2008).

Protista -- Ecology. --- Protista -- Geographical distribution. --- Protista. --- Protozoa. --- Protista --- Biology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Ecology --- Geographical distribution --- Microbial diversity. --- Microbiology. --- Protozoans --- Protozoons --- Protists --- Microbial biology --- Diversity, Microbial --- Microbiodiversity --- Microbiological diversity --- Life sciences. --- Ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Conservation biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology. --- Microorganisms --- Invertebrates --- Protozoology --- Unicellular organisms --- Eukaryotic cells --- Biodiversity --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Nature conservation --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology .