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Deforestation --- Forest protection --- Environmental policy --- Equilibrium (Economics) --- Sustainable development --- Control --- Mathematical models. --- Government policy

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Deforestation --- Ecosystem services --- Forest policy --- Land use, Rural --- Cutover lands --- Fragmented landscapes --- Economic aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Government policy

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A major synthesis of 25 years of intensive research about the montane ash forests of Victoria.

Forest ecology --- Forest biodiversity --- Forest animals --- Forest conservation --- Eucalyptus regnans --- Ash, Mountain --- Australian oak --- Mountain ash --- Oak, Australian --- Oak, Tasmanian --- Stringy gum --- Swamp gum --- Tasmanian oak --- White mountain ash --- Eucalyptus --- Conservation of forests --- Forest preservation --- Forests and forestry --- Preservation of forests --- Nature conservation --- Deforestation --- Forest fauna --- Woodland animals --- Animals --- Diversity, Forest biological --- Forest biological diversity --- Forest diversity --- Biodiversity --- Forest ecosystems --- Ecology --- Conservation --- Control

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Conflits sociaux --- Social conflicts --- Sociale conflicten --- Child labour --- Crise économique --- economic crises --- OIT --- ILO --- Inflation --- Deforestation --- Urbanization --- tourism --- Famine --- International trade --- Fiscal policies --- Food policies --- OCDE --- OECD --- Developing countries --- Asia --- Latin America --- Globalization --- Social aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- mondialisation --- developpement economique --- situation economique --- mondialisering --- economische ontwikkeling --- economische toestand --- OECD. --- ILO. --- International economic relations --- Mondialisation --- Relations économiques internationales --- Pays en développement --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions. --- Conditions économiques --- Conditions sociales

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This paper empirically explores the political-economic determinants of why governments choose to tax or subsidize trade in agriculture. The authors use a new data set on nominal rates of assistance (NRA) across a number of commodities spanning the last five decades for 64 countries. NRAs measure the effect on domestic (relative to world) price of the quantitative and price-based instruments used to regulate agricultural markets. The data set admits consideration of both taxes and subsidies on exports and imports. The authors find that both economic and political variables play important roles in determining the within-variation in the NRA data. Based on results the authors offer a number of data-driven exploratory hypotheses that can inform future theoretical and empirical research on why governments choose to tax or subsidize agricultural products an important policy question that is also one of the least understood by scholars.

Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Sector --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agricultural Trade --- Agriculture --- Barley --- Beef --- Cash Crops --- Cocoa --- Coffee --- Consumers --- Cotton --- Deforestation --- Democracies --- Developing Countries --- Economic Development --- Farming --- Gdp --- Grains --- Human Capital --- Income Distribution --- Industrialization --- International Food Policy Research Institute --- Labor Market --- Liberalization --- Low-Income Countries --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Maize --- Meat --- Political Economy --- Population Growth --- Poultry --- Productivity --- Protectionism --- Public Policy --- Rapeseed --- Rice --- Staple Foods --- Sugar --- Trade Policy --- Urbanization --- Wages --- Wheat --- World Development Indicators