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Coarse-grained molecular dynamics and continuum models for the transport of protein molecules
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Year: 2014 Publisher: Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2014

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The present work makes use of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and continuum models to investigate the behaviour of biomolecules in experiments such as mechanical pulling and driven transport across nanopores. The approach reproduces the wide phenomenology of experiments and allows one to maintain the main features of the transport by modelling the process as a 1D dynamics in a suited potential of the mean force. The standard 1D continuum view is enriched by proposing a model for the description of the shape of isolated molecules based on a tensorial representation and Cauchy-Born rule. Results indicate limitations for unconstrained dynamics and appropriateness for driven ones.

Keywords

Proteins.


Book
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics and continuum models for the transport of protein molecules
Author:
Year: 2014 Publisher: Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2014

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Abstract

The present work makes use of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and continuum models to investigate the behaviour of biomolecules in experiments such as mechanical pulling and driven transport across nanopores. The approach reproduces the wide phenomenology of experiments and allows one to maintain the main features of the transport by modelling the process as a 1D dynamics in a suited potential of the mean force. The standard 1D continuum view is enriched by proposing a model for the description of the shape of isolated molecules based on a tensorial representation and Cauchy-Born rule. Results indicate limitations for unconstrained dynamics and appropriateness for driven ones.

Keywords

Proteins.


Multi
Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology. : Volume 94
Authors: ---
ISBN: 9780128003732 0128003731 Year: 2014 Publisher: Oxford, England : Academic Press,

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This eclectic volume features two major topics: applications of mass spectrometry in bioscience; and computational methods for analysis of protein structure and interactions with other macromolecules. Published continuously since 1944, the Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology series has been the essential resource for protein chemists. Each volume brings forth new information about protocols and analysis of proteins. Each thematically organized volume is guest edited by leading experts in a broad range of protein-related topics. Describes ad

Keywords

Proteins --- Structure.


Dissertation
Functional interactions between ADAMTS and VEGF : a specific focus on ADAMTS3
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Year: 2014

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Book
New chemistry and new opportunities from the expanding protein universe
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ISBN: 9814616567 981460383X 9789814603836 9789814603829 9814603821 9789814616560 Year: 2014 Publisher: [Hackensack] New Jersey

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A select group of 40 eminent scientists from all parts of the world met to consider the current state of chemical and biological knowledge on the ever-expanding protein universe, and to discuss emerging opportunities for the foreseeable future. Scientific approaches to discover, characterize, and regulate protein functions were discussed over a range of disciplines, including natural product chemistry, microbiology, enzymology, biochemistry, structural biology, chemical biology, and glycobiology. Some notable highlights included discovery of new enzymatic pathways, innovative carbohydrate chemistry, design of proteins containing unnatural amino acids, structural elucidation of complex supramolecular machines, design and application of small molecule drugs, biologics and biosimilars. This fascinating compendium of scientific presentations and in-depth discussions affords a unique perspective on today's protein chemistry and biology as well as on the challenges for tomorrow.

Keywords

Proteins --- Enzymes --- Synthesis


Book
Iron-Sulfur Clusters in Chemistry and Biology.
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
ISBN: 1523100583 3110378264 3110308428 9783110308433 3110308436 9783110308426 9781523100583 9783110308327 3110308320 9783110378269 Year: 2014 Publisher: Berlin De Gruyter

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This volume on iron-sulfur proteins includes chapters that describe the initial discovery of iron-sulfur proteins in the 1960's to elucidation of the roles of iron sulfur clusters as prosthetic groups of enzymes, such as the citric acid cycle enzyme, aconitase, and numerous other proteins, ranging from nitrogenase to DNA repair proteins. The capacity of iron sulfur clusters to accept and delocalize single electrons is explained by basic chemical principles, which illustrate why iron sulfur proteins are uniquely suitable for electron transport and other activities. Techniques used for detection and stabilization of iron-sulfur clusters, including EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopies, are discussed because they are important for characterizing unrecognized and elusive iron sulfur proteins. Recent insights into how nitrogenase works have arisen from multiple advances, described here, including studies of high-resolution crystal structures. Numerous chapters discuss how microbes, plants, and animals synthesize these complex prosthetic groups, and why it is important to understand the chemistry and biogenesis of iron sulfur proteins. In addition to their vital importance in mitochondrial respiration, numerous iron sulfur proteins are important in maintenance of DNA integrity. Multiple rare human diseases with different clinical presentations are caused by mutations of genes in the iron sulfur cluster biogenesis pathway. Understanding iron sulfur proteins is important for understanding a rapidly expanding group of metabolic pathways important in all kingdoms of life, and for understanding processes ranging from nitrogen fixation to human disease.


Book
Démonstration du rassemblement des lipides membranaires endogènes en domaines submicrométriques par des dérivés de toxines spécifiques
Authors: --- ---
Year: 2014 Publisher: Bruxelles: UCL. Faculté de pharmacie et des sciences biomédicales,

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Depuis quelques années, le modèle original de Singer et Nicolson, dans lequel la membrane plasmique est vue comme une mosaïque fluide homogène servant de solvant aux protéines, est remis en question. En effet, la découverte des radeaux lipidiques nanométriques instables (« rafts ») et, plus récemment, des domaines lipidiques submicrométriques stables par le laboratoire d'accueil, suggère qu'il existe une compartimentation latérale des lipides membranaires. La démonstration des domaines submicrométriques a été permise grâce à l'insertion d'analogues fluorescents (BODIPY verts) de lipides polaires (sphingomyél ine [BODIPY-SM], glycosphingol ipides [BODIPY-glucosylcéramide, GlcCer et -GMl] et phosphatidylcholine [BODIPY-PC]) à la membrane plasmique de divers types cellulaires, dont les globules rouges. Bien que ces sondes aient été insérées dans la membrane à l'état de trace, qu'elles aient été validées et que de nombreux artefacts aient été éliminés, il était indispensable d'étudier la pertinence des observations obtenues pour les lipides endogènes. Pour ce faire, nous avons tiré parti de fragments de deux toxines connues pour lier spécifiquement la sphingomyél ine (la NT-Lysénine) et le cholestérol (la Theta-04), deux lipides parmi les plus abondants de la membrane des globules rouges. Le premier objectif de mon mémoire a consisté à participer à la production, la purification et la validation de deux protéines de fusion associant la protéine monomérique fluorescente mCherry (rouge) aux fragments des deux toxines, la NT-Lysénine (Lysénine*) et la Theta-04 (Theta*). La taille des produits purifiés a été vérifiée par western blotting. La spécificité de liaison a été démontrée par western blotting sur des liposomes contenant ou non le lipide cible et par quantification de la liaison des toxines * marquées à 1'1125 sur des globules rouges partiellement déplétés en lipides d'intérêt (déplétion de la sphingomyéline par la sphingomyél inase et extraction du cholestérol par la méthyl--cyclodextrine). Enfin,l'innocuité des toxines* a été vérifiée. J'ai ensuite étudié par microscopie confocale vitale le «pattern» du marquage de la Lysénine* à la membrane des globules rouges et sa relation avec les domaines marqués par le BODIPY-SM. Sur globules rouges étalés sur lamelles couvertes de poly-L-Lysine (abolissant leur aspect biconcave), la Lysénine* marque des domaines submicrométriques similaires en forme et en taille à ceux observés après insertion de BODIPY-SM. Les domaines de sphingomyéline endogène marqués par des faibles concentrations en Lysénine* colocalisent parfaitement avec les domaines de BODIPY-SM, quel que soit l'ordre de marquage avec les deux sondes. Ces domaines sont régulés par la température et le cholestérol et sont stables dans le temps et dans l'espace. De plus, l'abondance, la taille et le positionnement des domaines marqués par la Lysénine* ainsi que leur ségrégation par rapport aux autres lipides polaires (BODIPY-GlcCer, -GMl et - PC) dépendent de la tension membranaire. Enfin, la Lysénine* marque un grand nombre de domaines submicrométriques sur globules rouges soutenus dans un gel en trois dimensions, ce qui suggère leurprésence à la surface des globules rouges dans la circulation sanguine.J'ai également commencé à explorer l'organisation du cholestérol endogène grâce à la toxine Theta*. Cette toxine marque des domaines submicrométriques sur globules rouges étalés sur poly-L­ lysine mais aussi sur globules rouges en suspension dans un gel en 30. Ces domaines sont similaires en taille et en forme à ceux enrichis en sphingomyéline et dépendent également de la température mais sont beaucoup plus nombreux et moins dépendants de la tension membranaire. Enfin, ils disparaissent suit au traitement par la sphingomyélinase, ce qui suggère que la biogenèse et/ou la maintenance des domaines de cholestérol dépend de la sphingomyéline. En conclusion, ce mémoire a permis de montrer que la sphingomyéline et le cholestérol endogènes forment des domaines submicrométriques à la surface des globules rouges. La démonstration des domaines enrichis en sphingomyéline endogène supporte la pertinence des domaines submicrométriques fluorescents mis en évidence par le laboratoire d'accueil avec le BODIPY-SM exogène. Les résultats obtenus sont intégrés dans deux articles distincts, dans lesquels je suis/serai second auteur. La production des deux toxines* ouvre des perspectives à long terme d'une étude plus ambitieuse de l'analyse de la composition lipidique et protéique des domaines submicrométriques et de leur implication dans la sphérocytose héréditaire, une maladie de fragilité de membrane des globules rouges. Since a couple of years, the model of Singer and Nicolson, in which membrane is seen as a fluid mosaic model serving as a solvent for proteins, has been questioned. lndeed, the discovery of instable nanometric lipid rafts and, more recently, of stable submicrometric domains by the host laboratory suggest lateral heterogeneity of membrane lipids. The existence of submicrometric lipid domains has been demonstrated thanks to the insertion of fluorescent analogs (green BODIPY) of polar lipids (sphingomyelin [BODIPY-SM), glycosphingol ipids [BODIPY-glucosylceramide [GlcCer] and - GMl] and phosphatidylcholine [BODIPY-PC)} in the plasma membrane of various cell types, including red blood cells. Despite probe insertion at trace levels in the membrane, extensive probe validation and elimination of numerous artefacts, it was crucial to evaluate the pertinence of such domains for endogenous lipids. To this aim, we used two fragments of toxins known to specifically bind sphingomyelin (NT-Lysénin) and cholesterol (Theta-04}, among the most abundant lipids of red blood cell membranes.The first aim of my master thesis was to participate to the production, purification and validation of two fusion proteins associating the monomeric fluorescent protein mCherry with two toxin fragments, NT-Lysenin (Lysenin*) and Theta-04 (Theta*). Size of purified products was checked by western blotting. Specificity of binding was verified with composition-defined liposomes and by loss of 1251-toxin* binding to red blood cells upon target lipid depletion (sphingomyelin depletion by sphingomyelinase and cholesterol extraction by methyl--cyclodextrin). lnnocuity of both toxins* was checked by hemolysis tests.I next studied by confocal vital imaging the pattern of labelling by Lysenin* at the red blood cell membrane, by comparison to BODIPY-SM labeling. On red blood cells spread on poly-L-lysine coated, which abrogate the biconcave shape of erythrocytes found in circulation, non-saturating Lysenin* concentration also labels submicrometric domains, co-localizing with inserted green BODIPY-SM, whatever the order of labelling with the probes. Lysenin*-labeled domains are stable in time and space and are regulated by temperature and cholesterol. The abundance, size, positioning and segregation of Lysenin*-labeled domains from other lipids (BODIPY-GMl, -GlcCer and -PC) depend on membrane tension. Similar Lysenin*-labeled domains are evidenced in red blood cells gently suspended in three-dimensional gel. Taken together, these data demonstrate submicrometric compartmentati on of endogenous sphingomyelin at the membrane of a living cell in vitro, and suggest it may be a genuine fr ature of erythrocytes in vivo.I also began to explore membrane cholesterol organization thanks to Theta* toxin. This toxin also labels submicrometric domains on spread red blood cells but also in suspension in a three­ dimensional gel. These domains are similar in size and shape as those labeled by Lysenin* and similarly regulated by temperature but are more numerous and less dependent on membrane tension. Furthermore, they are abolished by sphingomyelin depletion, suggesting that biogenesis and/or maintenance of cholesterol enriched domains depends on sphingomyelin. In conclusion, this master thesis has allowed to show that endogenous sphingomyelin and cholesterol form submicrometric domains in the erythrocyte membrane. Demonstration of submicrometric domains enriched in endogenous sphingomelin supports the pertinence of fluorescent submicrometric domains discovered by the hast laboratory thanks to exogenous BODIPY­ SM. Results have been included in two distinct papers in which 1 am second author. Production of toxins* opens long-term perspectives of a more ambitious study aiming at analyzing global lipid and protein composition of submicrometric domains and their contribution to hereditary spherocytosis, a red blood cell membrane fragility disease.


Book
Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology. : metal-containing enzymes
Author:
ISBN: 9780128007884 0128007885 0128000120 9780128000120 Year: 2014 Publisher: Waltham, Massachusetts ; San Diego, California : Academic Press,

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Published continuously since 1944, the Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology series is the essential resource for protein chemists. Each volume brings forth new information about protocols and analysis of proteins. Each thematically organized volume is guest edited by leading experts in a broad range of protein-related topics. Describes advances in metal-containing enzymesChapters are written by authorities in their fieldTargeted to a wide audience of researchers, specialists, and studentsThe information provided in the volume is well supported by a number of high quality illus


Book
Caractérisation des voies d'oxydation dans le périplasme de Caulobacter crescentus
Authors: --- ---
Year: 2014 Publisher: Bruxelles: UCL. Faculté de pharmacie et des sciences biomédicales,

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The periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria is an oxidative environment in which most cysteine residues are involved in disulfide bonds. These disulfide bonds are important for the correct folding and structural stability of many secreted proteins, including several virulence factors.Disulfide bond formation is a catalyzed process in vivo. In bacteria, the proteins that catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds belong to the Dsb (disulfide bond) family. The protein that introduces disulfides into proteins newly translocated to the periplasm is DsbA. DsbA possesses a catalytic CXXC motif, which is maintained oxidized in vivo by the membrane protein DsbB. Whereas the Escherichia coli DsbA/ DsbB system has been extensively studied, the oxidative folding pathways a work in order bacteria, including pathogens, are poorly characterized. The objective of my Master thesis was to characterize the disulfide bond formation machinery of caulobacter crescentus, a non-pathogenic bacterium widely used as a model for alpha-proteobacteria. The analysis of the C. crescentus genome revealed the presence of two potential DsbA (CcDsbA1 and CcDsbA2) and of one potential DsbB (CcDsb). Interestingly, CcDsbA1 and CcDsbB are essential for growth. During my thesis, I started by characterizing CcDsbA1 and CcDsbA2 in vitro.Using the purified proteins, I found that they both have an oxidizing redox potential (-125 Mv), similar to that of E. coli. I also reconstituted the pathway involving CcDsbA1 and CcDsbB in vitro and determined the kinetic parameters of the reaction. Using CcDsbA1 specific antibodies, I confirmed that this protein is maintained oxidized in vivo. Altogether, these results indicate that CcDsbA1 functions with CcDsbB in a pathway that forms disulfide bonds. I also discovered that CcDsbA1 is anchored in the inner membrane, probably via a lipid moiety and I prepared a mutant version of this protein that forms stable complexes with its substrates. My work opens the way to the unraveling of the pathway of disulfide bonds formation C. crescentus. Le périplasme des bactéries à Gram négatif est un milieu oxydant dans lequel la plupart des résidus cystéine des protéines sont engagés dans la formation de ponts disulfures. Ces ponts disulfures, qui contribuent à la stabilité des protéines, sont importants pour le repliement correct de nombreux facteurs de virulence. Ce sont les protéines de la famille Dsb (Disulfide bond) qui catalysent la formation des ponts disulfures dans le périplasme bactérien. Les ponts disulfures sont introduits dans les protéines nouvellement sécrétées dans le périplasme par DsbA. DsbA possède un motif catalytique CXXC, qui est maintenu oxydé in vivo par la protéine membranaire DsbB. Alors que le système DsbNDsbB a été largement étudié chez Escherichia coli, les voies de repliement oxydatif à l'œuvre chez les autres bactéries, dont les pathogènes, sont peu caractérisées.L'objectif de mon mémoire était de caractériser les voies de formation des ponts disulfures chez Caulobacter crescentus. C. crescentus, qui n'est pas pathogène pour l'homme, appartient à la famille des alpha-protéobactéries dans laquelle on retrouve également les bactéries pathogènes Rickettsia et Brucet!a. L'analyse du génome de C. crescentus a révélé la présence de deux DsbA (CcDsbAl et CcDsbA2) et d'une DsbB (CcDsbB) potentielles . Au cours de mon mémoire, j'ai tout d'abord caractérisé CcDsbAl et CcDsbA2 in vitro. En utilisant les protéines purifiées, j'ai déterminé qu'elles avaient un potentiel rédox de -125 mV, comparable à celui de la DsbA de E. coti. J'ai également reconstitué in vitro la voie d'oxydation impliquant CcDsbAl et CcDsbB et j'ai déterminé les paramètres cinétiques de la réaction. J'ai aussi confirmé que CcDsbAl est maintenue à l'état oxydé dans le périplasme. L'ensemble de ces résultats indique que CcDsbAl fonctionne avec CcDsbB dans un système qui forme des ponts disulfures. Par ailleurs, j'ai découvert que CcDsbAl est ancrée à la membrane interne, probablement via une partie lipidique, et j'ai préparé une version mutante de cette protéine capable de former des complexes stables avec ses substrats. Mon travail ouvre la voie à des études ultérieures qui permettront une compréhension détaillée des voies de formation des ponts disulfures chez C. crescentus.


Book
Groene smoothies
Authors: --- --- ---
ISBN: 9789044739220 Year: 2014 Publisher: Aartselaar Deltas

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Listing 1 - 10 of 153 << page
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