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When the more than 18 million visitors poured into the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (PPIE) in San Francisco in 1915, they encountered a vision of the world born out of San Francisco's particular local political and social climate. By seeking to please various constituent groups ranging from the government of Japan to local labor unions and neighborhood associations, fair organizers generated heated debate and conflict about who and what represented San Francisco, California, and the United States at the world's fair. The PPIE encapsulated the social and political tensions and confli

Women --- Japanese Americans --- Chinese Americans --- Group identity --- Kibei Nisei --- Nisei --- Ethnology --- Japanese --- Chinese --- Collective identity --- Community identity --- Cultural identity --- Social identity --- Identity (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Social conditions. --- Ethnic identity. --- History --- Panama-Pacific International Exposition --- Exposition universelle et internationale de San Francisco --- International Exhibition of San Francisco --- Panama-Taiheiyō Bankoku Hakurankai --- P.P.I.E. --- PPIE --- San Francisco. --- Universal Exposition --- San Francisco Bay Area (Calif.) --- San Francisco (Calif.) --- San Francisco County (Calif.) --- San Francisco --- San Francisco City & County (Calif.) --- San Francisco City and County (Calif.) --- City & County of San Francisco (Calif.) --- City and County of San Francisco (Calif.) --- Saint Francisco (Calif.) --- Yerba Buena (Calif.) --- Bay Area, San Francisco (Calif.) --- San Francisco Bay Region (Calif.) --- San Francisco Region (Calif.) --- Social life and customs. --- Moral conditions. --- Ethnic relations.