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Information warfare. --- United States. --- Weapons systems --- Security measures --- Computer programs.

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Cyber warfare is fast becoming the greatest threat to national security advanced nations face. Cyberattacks can destroy economic, political, and military systems in a single act, making them dangerous across multiple dimensions. Yet the law of armed conflict applies uneasily to this unchartered territory in the area of national security, supplying few answers to questions that are answered easily for traditional military conflict. Under what conditions does a cyberattack amount to an act of war ? What is a proportional response to a cyberattack ? is it permissible to pre-empt a cyberattack with the use of kinetic force ? If so, when would the use of pre-emptive force violate third party sovereignty ? This collection of essays, written by a group of interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners, addresses the ethical and legal issues that surround cyber warfare. It considers whether the Laws of Armed Conflict apply to cyberspace, as well as the ethical position of cyber warfare against the background of generally recognized moral traditions in armed conflict.

INFORMATION WARFARE (INTERNATIONAL LAW) --- Computer security --- Cyberterrorism --- Information warfare (International law). --- Self-defense (International law). --- Law and legislation. --- Prevention.

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In recent years military technology and strategy have developed apace particularly in regards to cyber and space warfare. In 2007 Estonia suffered a month long cyber assault to its digital infrastructure which it is presumed came from Russia in retaliation for the removal of a World War II-era statue of a Soviet soldier from its capital. This was described as some as the first war in cyberspace Web War I. Since then there have been several more cyber attacks on a State and its digital environment, in particular in Iran in 2010 when a worm Stuxnet was identified as having infected and damaged Iran's uranium enrichment plant presumably in an attempt to set back Iran's nuclear programme. This book takes a detailed look at these new theatres of war and considers their relation to international law on the use of force. The use of force, except in cases of self-defence or with the authorisation of a Security Council Resolution, is prohibited under the UN charter and customary international law however, the law of jus ad bellum was developed in a pre-digital era where current technological capabilities could not be conceived of. This book asks whether the law on the use of force is able to deal with legal disputes likely to arise from modern warfare. Among the questions it considers are : What amounts to an armed attack in an age of anti-satellite weaponry and lasers that can cripple satellites ? Does the destruction of a State's vital digital eco-system or the 'blinding' or jamming of military communication satellites constitute a threat ? If so what is the threshold that would enliven the right of self-defence or retaliatory action ? The book argues that while technology has leapt ahead the legal framework has failed to adapt, and as a result the ability of States to legally defend themselves has been impaired.

WAR (INTERNATIONAL LAW) --- USE OF FORCE (INTERNATIONAL LAW) --- INFORMATION WARFARE (INTERNATIONAL LAW) --- CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS (MILITARY SCIENCE)

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Cyberspace operations (Military science) --- Information warfare --- Planning --- United States. --- United States

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Cyber-Attacks and the Exploitable Imperfections of International Law reveals elements of existing jus ad bellum and jus in bello regimes that are unable to accommodate the threats posed by cyber-attacks. It maps out legal gaps, deficiencies, and uncertainties, which international actors may seek to exploit to their political benefit.

Information warfare (International law) --- Cyberspace operations (Military science) --- Cyberspace operations (International law)