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Towards the end of the Khrushchev era, a major Soviet initiative was launched to rekindle popular enthusiasm for the revolution, which eventually gave rise to over 150 biographies and historical novels (The Fiery Revolutionaries/Plamennye revoliutsionery series), authored by many key post-Stalinist writers and published throughout late socialism until the Soviet collapse. What new meanings did revolution take on as it was reimagined by writers, including dissidents, leading historians, and popular historical novelists? How did their millions of readers engage with these highly varied texts? To what extent does this Brezhnev-era publishing phenomenon challenge the notion of late socialism as a time of 'stagnation', and how does it confirm it? By exploring the complex processes of writing, editing, censorship, and reading of late Soviet literature, Revolution Rekindled highlights the dynamic negotiations that continued within Soviet culture well past the apparent turning point of 1968, through to the late Gorbachev era. It also complicates the opposition between 'official' and underground post-Stalinist culture by showing how Soviet writers and readers engaged with both, as they sought answers to key questions of revolutionary history, ethics and ideology. Polly Jones reveals the enormous breadth and vitality of the 'historical turn' amongst the late Soviet population. Revolution Rekindled is the first archival, oral history, and literary study of this unique late socialist publishing experiment, from its beginnings in the early 1960s to its collapse in the early 1990s. It draws on a wide range of previously untapped archives, including those of the publisher Politizdat, of Soviet institutions in charge of propaganda, publishing, and literature, and of many individual writers. It also uses in-depth interviews with Brezhnev-era writers, editors, and publishers, and assesses the generic and stylistic innovations within the series' biographies and novels.

Historical fiction, Russian --- History and criticism --- Soviet Union --- Советский Союз --- Ber. ha-M. --- Zwia̦zek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- Szovjetunió --- TSRS --- Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga --- SRSR --- Soi︠u︡z Radi︠a︡nsʹkykh Sot︠s︡ialistychnykh Respublik --- SSSR --- Soi︠u︡z Sovetskikh Sot︠s︡ialisticheskikh Respublik --- UdSSR --- Shūravī --- Ittiḥād-i Jamāhīr-i Ishtirākīyah-i Shūrāʼīyah --- Russia (1923- U.S.S.R.) --- Sovetskiy Soyuz --- Soyuz SSR --- Sovetskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Soi︠u︡z SSR --- Uni Sovjet --- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- USSR --- SSṚM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Ṛespublikaneri Miutʻyun --- SSHM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun --- URSS --- Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas --- Berit ha-Moʻatsot --- Rusyah --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyītī --- Rusiyah --- Rusland --- Soṿet-Rusland --- Uni Soviet --- Union soviétique --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Uls --- Związek Radziecki --- ESSD --- Sahaphāp Sōwīat --- KhSHM --- SSR Kavširi --- Russland --- SNTL --- PSRS --- Su-lien --- Sobhieṭ Ẏuniẏana --- FSSR --- Unione Sovietica --- Ittiḥād-i Shūravī --- Soviyat Yūniyan --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Biography --- History and criticism. --- History --- Historiography. --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- ZSRR --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich --- ZSRS --- Biografie. --- Biography as a literary form. --- Biography. --- Geschichtsschreibung. --- HISTORY / Europe / Eastern. --- Historical fiction, Russian. --- Kollektives Gedächtnis. --- Literatur. --- Oktoberrevolution. --- Revolutionär. --- Soviet Union.

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This book captures the story of the Taratuta family and their struggle to flee the hardships of the USSR and repatriate to Israel in the late twentieth century. The narrative follows the lives of three family members, Aba, his wife Ida, and their son Misha, as they endure countless struggles throughout their journey to freedom. Tense moments ensue as the refuseniks print copies of forbidden Zionist literature and textbooks, publicly support those detained in prison and the Gulag, organize scientific and legal seminars in their apartment, receive Western visitors, and secretly partake in weekly Hebrew lessons. Well-recognized in the West as central players in the Soviet Jewish movement in Leningrad throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the Taratutas underwent constant surveillance by the KGB until they were finally able to repatriate to Israel. In spite of their hardships, the family attempted to live a life of normalcy and to cherish moments of happiness and togetherness.

Refuseniks. --- Jews --- Otkazniki --- Refusedniks --- Refusniks --- Persecutions --- Migrations. --- Taratuta, Aba --- Family. --- Soviet Union --- Israel --- Emigration and immigration --- Government policy. --- Ethnic relations. --- Emigration and immigration. --- Советский Союз --- Ber. ha-M. --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- ZSRR --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich --- ZSRS --- Szovjetunió --- TSRS --- Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga --- SRSR --- Soi︠u︡z Radi︠a︡nsʹkykh Sot︠s︡ialistychnykh Respublik --- SSSR --- Soi︠u︡z Sovetskikh Sot︠s︡ialisticheskikh Respublik --- UdSSR --- Shūravī --- Ittiḥād-i Jamāhīr-i Ishtirākīyah-i Shūrāʼīyah --- Russia (1923- U.S.S.R.) --- Sovetskiy Soyuz --- Soyuz SSR --- Sovetskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Soi︠u︡z SSR --- Uni Sovjet --- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- USSR --- SSṚM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Ṛespublikaneri Miutʻyun --- SSHM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun --- URSS --- Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas --- Berit ha-Moʻatsot --- Rusyah --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyītī --- Rusiyah --- Rusland --- Soṿet-Rusland --- Uni Soviet --- Union soviétique --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Uls --- Związek Radziecki --- ESSD --- Sahaphāp Sōwīat --- KhSHM --- SSR Kavširi --- Russland --- SNTL --- PSRS --- Su-lien --- Sobhieṭ Ẏuniẏana --- FSSR --- Unione Sovietica --- Ittiḥād-i Shūravī --- Soviyat Yūniyan --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- 1970s. --- 1980s. --- 20th century. --- Gulag. --- Hebrew lessons. --- Israel. --- Jewish movement. --- Jewish population. --- Jews Russia. --- Jews USSR. --- Jews. --- Judaism. --- KGB. --- Leningrad. --- Russia. --- Samizdat. --- Soviet Jewish movement. --- Soviet Russia. --- Soviet. --- St Petersburg. --- USSR. --- Zionism. --- Zionist. --- demonstrations. --- dissidents movement. --- emigration. --- emigre. --- interrogations. --- jewish history. --- literature. --- refusenik. --- refuseniks. --- religion in USSR. --- religion. --- repatriation. --- surveillance. --- twentieth century. --- underground literature.

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Kinder und Jugendliche galten in der Sowjetunion als revolutionäre Hoffnungsträger und Sicherheitsrisiko zugleich. Der staatliche Umgang mit ihnen reichte von wohlmeinenden Erziehungs- bis hin zu repressivsten Disziplinierungsmaßnahmen. Das Buch spürt erstmals dem Janusgesicht sowjetischer Kinder- und Jugendpolitik nach, indem es das Pionierlager Artek und die Archangelsker Arbeitskolonie einem innovativen historischen Vergleich unterzieht. Es fragt nach pädagogischen Konzeptionen und Idealen und untersucht, inwieweit sie vor Ort Umsetzung erfahren haben. Es macht deutlich, dass sich utopische Visionen und soziale Realität nur schwer vereinen ließen. Die in die Institutionen gesetzten Erwartungen erfüllten sich kaum, da die alltägliche Umsetzung das eigentliche Ziel pervertierte oder Resultate erreichte, die nie intendiert gewesen waren. Beginnend in den 1920er Jahren schlägt das Buch einen Bogen bis in die 1980er Jahre und adressiert verschiedene Themen der sowjetischen Geschichte.

Kinder- und Jugendpolitik --- Sowjetunion --- Zeitgeschichte --- Osteuropäische Geschichte --- Pionierlager Artek --- Erziehung --- Soviet Union. --- Ber. ha-M. --- Berit ha-Moʻatsot --- ESSD --- FSSR --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyīt --- Ittiḥād-i Jamāhīr-i Ishtirākīyah-i Shūrāʼīyah --- Ittiḥād-i Shūrav --- KhSHM --- PSRS --- Rusiyah --- Rusland --- Russia --- Russland --- Rusyah --- Sahaphāp Sōwīat --- Shūrav --- SNTL --- Sobhieṭ Ẏuniẏana --- Soi͡uz Radi͡ansʹkykh Sot͡sialistychnykh Respublik --- Soi͡uz Sovetskikh Sot͡sialisticheskikh Respublik --- Soi͡uz SSR --- Soṿet-Rusland --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Ṛespublikaneri Miutʻyun --- Sovetskiĭ Soi͡uz --- Sovetskiy Soyuz --- Soviyat Yūniyan --- Soyuz SSR --- SRSR --- SSHM --- SSR Kavširi --- SSṚM --- SSSR --- Su-lien --- Szovjetuni --- Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga --- TSRS --- UdSSR --- Uni Soviet --- Uni Sovjet --- Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas --- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- Union soviétique --- Unione Sovietica --- URSS --- USSR --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Uls --- ZSRR --- ZSRS --- Związek Radziecki --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich

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Many documents essential for understanding the development of Soviet labor policies from 1917 to 1921 have been selected, translated, and presented in this volume. It starts with the early months of the revolution, when the utopian slogans of workers' control of industry and the promise of trade-union management of industrial production were the controlling factors in shaping Soviet policy on labor. Chapter 2 traces the gradual introduction of measures of labor compulsion, first in relation to those the Bolsheviks classified as the bourgeoisie and afterwards in relation to the working class. Chapters 3, 4, and 5, the core of the study, tell the story of labor militarization - the new formula that, for the Communists, held the key to solving all economic problems in a socialist state. Chapter 3 presents the theories used to justify the militarization of labor and outlines the institutional framework that kept the system in operation. Chapter 4 deals with the application of this system to different segments of the Russian population. Chapter 5 analyzes compulsory labor in transportation, in which the validity of labor militarization as an institution came most sharply into question. The last chapter, chapter 6, reviews the general crisis of Russian Communism, the repudiation of some of the most oppressive features of that system, and the efforts to reconcile conflicting views within the Communist Party on the role of labor under socialism.

Forced labor. --- Travail force --- Forced labor --- Trockij, Lev D. --- Lenin, Vladimir I. --- Trockij, Lev Davidovič --- Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹič --- Trotsky, Leon, --- Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹich, --- Soviet Union. --- Compulsory labor --- Conscript labor --- Labor, Compulsory --- Labor, Forced --- Employees --- Советский Союз --- Ber. ha-M. --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- ZSRR --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich --- ZSRS --- Szovjetunió --- TSRS --- Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga --- SRSR --- Soi︠u︡z Radi︠a︡nsʹkykh Sot︠s︡ialistychnykh Respublik --- SSSR --- Soi︠u︡z Sovetskikh Sot︠s︡ialisticheskikh Respublik --- UdSSR --- Shūravī --- Ittiḥād-i Jamāhīr-i Ishtirākīyah-i Shūrāʼīyah --- Russia (1923- U.S.S.R.) --- Sovetskiy Soyuz --- Soyuz SSR --- Sovetskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Soi︠u︡z SSR --- Uni Sovjet --- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- USSR --- SSṚM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Ṛespublikaneri Miutʻyun --- SSHM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun --- URSS --- Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas --- Berit ha-Moʻatsot --- Rusyah --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyītī --- Rusiyah --- Rusland --- Soṿet-Rusland --- Uni Soviet --- Union soviétique --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Uls --- Związek Radziecki --- ESSD --- Sahaphāp Sōwīat --- KhSHM --- SSR Kavširi --- Russland --- SNTL --- PSRS --- Su-lien --- Sobhieṭ Ẏuniẏana --- FSSR --- Unione Sovietica --- Ittiḥād-i Shūravī --- Soviyat Yūniyan --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Labour / income economics --- Lenin, Vladimir Il'ič --- Lenin, Vladimir Iljitsj --- Lenin, Wladimir Iljitsch --- Lenin, Vladímir Ilich --- Lénine, Vladimir Ilitch --- Lénine, Vladimir Iliç --- Lenin, Nikolaj --- Lenin, Nicolai --- Ul'janov, Vladimir Il'ič --- Oeljanov, Vladimir Iljitsj --- Uljanow, Wladimir Iljitsch --- Ulyanov, Vladimir Ilyich --- Uliánov, Vladímir Ilich --- Oulianov, Vladimir Ilitch --- Oulianov, Wladimir Iljitsch --- Ленин, Владимир Ильич, --- Illiin, We., --- Ilʹin, Vladimīr, --- I-li-chʻi, --- Lenine, Wladimir Ilitch Oulianof, --- Lenin, Nicolai, --- Lenin, Nikolaj, --- Lenin, V. I. --- Ленин, В. И. --- Lenin, Vi. Ai., --- Ulʹi︠a︡nov, V. --- Ульянов, В. --- Ulʹi︠a︡nov, Vladimir Ilʹich, --- Ульянов, Владимир Ильич, --- Lenjin, V. I., --- Lenine, N., --- Lenin, W. I. --- Ulianov, V. I., --- Lenin, N., --- L̦en̦ins, V. A. --- Liening, --- Lieh-ning, --- 列寧, --- Lenin, --- Oulianov, Vladimir, --- Lenin, Vlagyimir Iljics, --- Lenjin, Vladimir Iljič, --- Uljanov, Vladimir Iljič, --- Lenin, Niḳolay, --- Līnīn, --- Ulyanoṿ, Ṿ., --- Lenin, Ṿ., --- Lenin, U. I. --- Lenin, Uladzimir Ilʹich, --- לאנין, ולאדימיר --- לנין, וולדימיר איליץ, --- לנין, וו. אי --- לענין, וו.אי --- לענין, ניקאלאי --- לענין, ניקאלאי, --- לענין, נ. --- לענין, נ., --- לענין, װלאדימיר איליטש, --- לענין, װ. אי --- לענין, װ. אי., --- לענין, װ. י. --- לענין, װ.אי., --- לענינ, וולאדימיר איליטש --- لينين --- A. Kros, --- Bronshteĭn, Lev Davidovich, --- Bronstein, Léon, --- Bronstejn, Lev Davidovich, --- Crux, --- L.D.T., --- Tʻo-lo-ssu-chi, --- Tʻo-lo-tzʻu-chi, --- Torokkī, --- Torotsukī, --- Torotsukii, --- Troc̦ki, --- Trocki, Lev, --- Trockij, Lev, --- Trocký, Leon, --- Troţki, Lev, --- Trotski, Leo, --- Trótski, Leon, --- Trôtski, Lêông, --- Trot︠s︡kiĭ, L. D. --- Trot︠s︡kiĭ, Lev, --- Trotskiĭ, N., --- Trotsky, L. D., --- Trotsky, Leone, --- Trotsky, Lev Davidovitch, --- Trotzki, Lee, --- Trotzkij, Leo, --- Trotzky, Leon, --- Trotzky, N., --- Троцкий, Лев, --- טראצקי, ל., --- טראָצקי, לעאָן, --- טראצקי, לעוו, --- טראָצקי, ליאון, --- טרוצקי, ל., --- טרוצקי, לב, --- تروتسكى، لئون,

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Empire and Belonging in the Eurasian Borderlands engages with the evolving historiography around the concept of belonging in the Russian and Ottoman empires. The contributors to this book argue that the popular notion that empires do not care about belonging is simplistic and wrong.Chapters address numerous and varied dimensions of belonging in multiethnic territories of the Ottoman Empire, Imperial Russia, and the Soviet Union, from the mid-nineteenth to the late twentieth centuries. They illustrate both the mutability and the durability of imperial belonging in Eurasian borderlands.Contributors to this volume pay attention to state authorities but also to the voices and experiences of teachers, linguists, humanitarian officials, refugees, deportees, soldiers, nomads, and those left behind. Through those voices the authors interrogate the mutual shaping of empire and nation, noting the persistence and frequency of coercive measures that imposed belonging or denied it to specific populations deemed inconvenient or incapable of fitting in. The collective conclusion that editors Krista A. Goff and Lewis H. Siegelbaum provide is that nations must take ownership of their behaviors, irrespective of whether they emerged from disintegrating empires or enjoyed autonomy and power within them.

Minorities --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Government policy --- Turkey --- Russia --- Soviet Union --- Советский Союз --- Ber. ha-M. --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- ZSRR --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich --- ZSRS --- Szovjetunió --- TSRS --- Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga --- SRSR --- Soi︠u︡z Radi︠a︡nsʹkykh Sot︠s︡ialistychnykh Respublik --- SSSR --- Soi︠u︡z Sovetskikh Sot︠s︡ialisticheskikh Respublik --- UdSSR --- Shūravī --- Ittiḥād-i Jamāhīr-i Ishtirākīyah-i Shūrāʼīyah --- Russia (1923- U.S.S.R.) --- Sovetskiy Soyuz --- Soyuz SSR --- Sovetskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Soi︠u︡z SSR --- Uni Sovjet --- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- USSR --- SSṚM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Ṛespublikaneri Miutʻyun --- SSHM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun --- URSS --- Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas --- Berit ha-Moʻatsot --- Rusyah --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyītī --- Rusiyah --- Rusland --- Soṿet-Rusland --- Uni Soviet --- Union soviétique --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Uls --- Związek Radziecki --- ESSD --- Sahaphāp Sōwīat --- KhSHM --- SSR Kavširi --- Russland --- SNTL --- PSRS --- Su-lien --- Sobhieṭ Ẏuniẏana --- FSSR --- Unione Sovietica --- Ittiḥād-i Shūravī --- Soviyat Yūniyan --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Russie --- Rossīi︠a︡ --- Rossīĭskai︠a︡ Imperīi︠a︡ --- Russia (Provisional government, 1917) --- Russia (Vremennoe pravitelʹstvo, 1917) --- Ṛusastan --- Russia (Tymchasovyĭ uri︠a︡d, 1917) --- Russian Empire --- Rosja --- Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) --- Anatolia --- Anatolie --- Ānātūlī --- Asia Minor --- Asia Minore --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Turk Uls --- Buturuki --- Cộng hoà Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Dēmokratia tēs Tourkias --- Devlet-i Aliye Osmaniye --- Durka --- Durkka dásseváldi --- Gweriniaeth Twrci --- Jamhuri ya Uturuki --- Jamhuuriyada Turki --- Jumhūrīyah al-Turkīyah --- Komara Tirkiyeyê --- Lýðveldið Turkaland --- Lýðveldið Tyrkland --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì --- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu --- Osmanskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Ottoman Empire --- Pobblaght ny Turkee --- Poblacht na Tuirce --- Repóbblica d'l Turchî --- Repubbleche de Turchie --- Repubblica di Turchia --- Republic of Turkey --- Republic of Türkiye --- República da Turquia --- Republica de Turchia --- Republica de Turquía --- Republica Turcia --- Republiek Turkeye --- Republiek Turkije --- Republiek van Turkye --- Republik bu Tirki --- Republik Tierkei --- Republik Turkäi --- Republik Türkei --- Républik Turki --- Republik Turkia --- Republika e Turqisë --- Republika ng Turkiya --- Repùblika Tërecczi --- Republika Turcija --- Republika Turcji --- Republika Turcyje --- Republika Turecko --- Republika Turkiya --- Republika Turkojska --- Republika Turska --- Republika Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Republiḳah ha-Ṭurḳiyah --- Republiken Turkiet --- Republikken Tyrkia --- Republikken Tyrkiet --- République de Turquie --- République turque --- Repuvlika de Turkiya --- Ripablik kya Buturuki --- Ripoliku Turkiyakondre --- T.C. (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) --- Tagduda n Tturk --- TC --- Teki --- Tëreckô --- Ṭerḳay --- Ṭerḳishe Republiḳ --- Thekhi --- Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Thú-ngí-khì --- Tiakei --- Tierkei --- Tiki --- Tirki --- Tırkiya --- Tirkiye --- Ti︠u︡rk --- Ti︠u︡rk Respublika --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ Respublika --- Tlacatlahtocayotl Turquia --- Tʻŏkʻi --- T'ŏk'i Konghwaguk --- Tʼóok Bikéyah --- Torkėjė --- Tȯrkiă --- Törkie --- Törkieë --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Török Köztársaság --- Törökország --- Toruko --- Toruko Kyōwakoku --- Tourkia --- Tourkikē Dēmokratia --- Tturk --- Tu er qi gong he guo --- Tū-ī-gì --- Tū-ī-gì Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók --- Tu'erqi --- Tu'erqi gong he guo --- Tu'erqi Gongheguo --- Tuirc --- Tunkī --- Turchî --- Turchia --- Turchie --- Turchy Respublikæ --- Turcia --- Turcija --- Turcijas Republika --- Turcja --- Turcland --- Turcyjo --- Turechchyna --- Turecká republika --- Turecko --- Tureke --- Turet︠s︡ka Respublika --- Turėtskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Tureuki --- Türgi --- Türgi Vabariik --- Türgü --- Türgü Vabariik --- Turk --- Turkäi --- Turkaland --- Turkamastor --- Türkän --- Turkanʹ respubliksʹ --- Turkee --- Türkei --- Turkeya --- Turkeye --- Turki --- Turkia --- Turkia Respubliko --- Turkieë --- Turkiet --- Turkii --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Tu̇rkiĭė --- Tu̇rkiĭė Respublikata --- Turkija --- Turkije --- Turkin tasavalta --- Turkio --- Turkiyā --- Turkiya Republika --- Türkiyä Respublikası --- Turkiyah --- Turkiyakondre --- Türkiye --- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti --- Türkiýe Respublikasy --- Turkki --- Turkojska --- Turkowska --- Turkujo --- Turkya --- Turkyah --- Turkye --- Turqia --- Turquía --- Turquie (Repupblic) --- Turska --- Turtchie --- Turt︠s︡i --- Turt︠s︡i Respubliki --- Turt︠s︡iĭ --- Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turtsyi︠a︡ --- Turukiya --- Tuykia --- Twrci --- Tyrkia --- Tyrkiet --- Tyrkland --- Tẏrt︠s︡i --- Uturuki --- Vysokai︠a︡ Porta --- Whenua Korukoru --- Τουρκική Δημοκρατία --- Τουρκία --- Δημοκρατία της Τουρκίας --- Република Турска --- Република Турция --- Република Турција --- Турска --- Турцыя --- Турци --- Турци Республики --- Турция --- Турција --- Турций --- Турція --- Турчы Республикæ --- Турэцкая Рэспубліка --- Турк --- Туркань республиксь --- Туркамастор --- Турецька Республіка --- Турецка Республіка --- Турецкая Республика --- Туреччина --- Тюрк --- Тюрк Республика --- Тюркия --- Тюркия Республика --- רפובליקה הטורקית --- תורכיה --- טערקישע רעפובליק --- טערקיי --- טורקיה --- تركيا --- جمهورية التركية --- トルコ --- トルコ共和国 --- 土耳其 --- 土耳其共和國 --- 터키 --- 터키 공화국 --- History.