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"A provocative analysis of how Christianity helped legitimize the death penalty in early modern Europe, then throughout the Christian world, by turning execution into a great cathartic public ritual and the condemned into a Christ-like figure who accepts death to save humanity. The public execution of criminals has been a common practice ever since ancient times. In this wide-ranging investigation of the death penalty in Europe from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century, noted Italian historian Adriano Prosperi identifies a crucial period when legal concepts of vengeance and justice merged with Christian beliefs in repentance and forgiveness. Crime and Forgiveness begins with late antiquity but comes into sharp focus in fourteenth-century Italy, with the work of the Confraternities of Mercy, which offered Christian comfort to the condemned and were for centuries responsible for burying the dead. Under the brotherhoods' influence, the ritual of public execution became Christianized, and the doomed person became a symbol of the fallen human condition. Because the time of death was known, this "ideal" sinner could be comforted and prepared for the next life through confession and repentance. In return, the community bearing witness to the execution offered forgiveness and a Christian burial. No longer facing eternal condemnation, the criminal in turn publicly forgave the executioner, and the death provided a moral lesson to the community. Over time, as the practice of Christian comfort spread across Europe, it offered political authorities an opportunity to legitimize the death penalty and encode into law the right to kill and exact vengeance. But the contradictions created by Christianity's central role in executions did not dissipate, and squaring the emotions and values surrounding state-sanctioned executions was not simple, then or now"--

Capital punishment --- Capital punishment --- Capital punishment --- History --- Religious aspects --- Catholic Church --- History --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- History

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Corporal punishment of children --- Religious aspects --- Christianity.

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"Although many parents use spankings to discipline their children, research shows that corporal punishment harms children and is ineffective at changing their behavior. This book presents 15 effective interventions designed to stop and prevent parents from physically punishing their children. Each chapter of this book reviews a different intervention, summarizes its evidence base, and generalizability across populations and contexts, and explains how to implement it in community and mental health settings. Some strategies explicitly discourage parents from using physical punishment, while others focus on teaching alternative ways to manage children's behavior. Some can be incorporated into individual, family, or group therapy, while others educate the public in hospitals or other community settings. All of the strategies will help parents change their behavior in ways that promote their children's healthy development. Therapists, social workers, other community health and safety professionals, and policy makers will all appreciate the diverse array of strategies represented in the book"--

Corporal punishment of children --- Psychological aspects.

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Imprisonment --- Imprisonment --- Punishment. --- Economic aspects. --- Political aspects.

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"The Italian political and legal thinker Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) is justly regarded as the founding father of the movement for criminal law reform that emerged in Europe in the mid-18th century. His treatise, On Crimes and Punishments (1764), is a seminal text that has had an enormous and lasting influence on politicians, jurists, philosophers and theologians. In particular, his attack on the death penalty has dominated the historical and philosophical debate. However, an earlier treatise that specifically argues for the abolition of the death penalty has recently come to light. This is Contro la pena di morte (1761), by Giuseppe Pelli (1729-1808). Pelli and Beccaria were not in contact and apparently had no knowledge of the other's work until Beccaria's treatise appeared. Pelli's treatise was never completed and remained unpublished for 250 years. It was discovered in the late 1980's among the papers of the descendants of his adopted daughter, and was published in Italian in 2014. In Against the Death Penalty, Peter Garnsey, a historian of the Roman Empire and Italy, provides the first English translation of this important yet forgotten text. Although Beccaria attacked the whole criminal justice system of his time, Pelli's work was singulr in its focus on attacking on just the death penalty. As such, it was the first attack of any substance that appeared in Europe, and although unfinished, it is a work of considerable sophistication and depth. It is a comprehensive critique, considerably longer and more thorough than that of Beccaria. Pelli was also a man of religious convictions and operated within the Catholic tradition: for his key arguments he drew on the writings of the natural jurists, in particular Grotius and Pufendorf. Garnsey provides a substantial introduction, the bulk of which is a comparative evaluation of the discussions of Pelli and Beccaria on the death penalty and alternative punishments. He also provides historical context for the intellectual and social environment in which the two men lived and from which their works emerged. Although much has been written about Beccarria, little is known or has been written about Pelli's life. Garnsey reconstructs what is important for understanding his text by drawing on the massive diary Pelli left,which has also only recently become available. It not only sheds light on Pelli's intellectual development but provides a fascinating, extraordinarily informative, and revealing day-by-day, profoundly personal account of a man of letters who became a bureaucrat in the service of the Habsburg Monarchy"--

Capital punishment --- Punishment --- Peine de mort. --- Peines. --- Criminal law. --- Droit pénal.