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At the request of the Government of Sierra Leone (GoSL), the World Bank is undertaking a programmatic Public Expenditure Review (PER) to analyze fiscal policy quality and provide policy advice to the GoSL with a focus on fiscal policy and public financial management. The analysis is also meant to inform World Bank projects and operations, other development partners, and the public. The activities of the Programmatic PER are and organized in two modules. The first module is an overview of public expenditure and a fiscal sustainability analysis. More specifically, it analyzes the composition of the budget (based on economic and functional classification) and fiscal sustainability and risks. The second module of the PER is comprised of four sector specific analyses: (i) health, (ii) education (iii) social protection, and (iv) agriculture. The selection of the specific sectors has been motivated by their low level of public spending (in absolute and relative terms), except for health, and low spending efficiency scores the country experiences in these sectors. The Agriculture Sector Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (AgPEIR) therefore constitutes part of the second module of the Programmatic PER. The AgPEIR covers core issues related to the level and quality of public spending in agriculture, which will help to identify the pathway to fiscal adjustment and management of medium to long-term expenditure constraints identified from the previous administration's budgetary details. The agriculture sector review identifies existing patterns of expenditures in core agriculture-related services and the functional institutional capacities in the sector. It is intended to help the new administration make evidence-based decisions on resource allocation by identifying historical patterns of expenditure, comparing these with sector achievements, and suggesting areas for improvements in expenditure management in the future.

Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Public Sector Development

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This report assesses agriculture policy support estimates in Angola. These estimates represent the monetary value assigned to different agriculture support policies and programs using the OECD methodology for the years 2018-2019. The advantages of using the OECD methodology are that: (a) it provides a systematic and integrated view of agriculture support policies and programs (not limited to the more traditional public expenditure reviews or rate of protection); (b) given the large number of countries using this same methodology to measure support estimates, an immediate benchmarking is possible across a large set of comparators; and (c) the methodology is simple and can be integrated into the agriculture public policy analysis conducted by the Government and other stakeholders. The methodology also has some disadvantages and limitations, mainly: (a) while it quantifies the level of support provided to producers and consumers, it does not further disaggregate support received by type of agricultural producers (small-scale, large-scale; family farm, commercial) or consumers; (b) since the estimates are based on the monetary value of budget and price support, non-monetary support, like the quality of policies, is not captured (e.g., the methodology is able to identify how much policy/program support is invested in land administration efforts, but unable to qualify the impact (quality) of those policies/programs). This assessment aims to support the Angolan Government in reviewing its agriculture policies and programs, in particular to: (a) provide new estimates and a new approach to assess sector support for policy decision-making; (b) allow for benchmarking agriculture support policies with a large global database of countries using the same estimate methodology; and (c) help kickstart a policy dialogue on realigning agriculture policies and programs in Angola towards greater sector competitiveness and fast economic recovery from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, increased food security and nutrition outcomes, and climate sustainability through a build back better approach.

Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Food Security --- Public Sector Development

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Tajikistan's agrifood system has had a steady and growing presence domestically and in the Central Asia region, but still faces many constraints. Agriculture is significantly affected by climate change due to the high vulnerability of its natural environment and the low adaptive capacity of both farmers and the public sector. Coronavirus (COVID-19) disruptions amplified the latter and highlighted the need for more constructive relationships between public policy and the private sector, not only to respond to imminent challenges brought by the current crisis, but also to implement longer-term solutions for resilient development. This report reviews key issues characterizing the agrifood sector in Tajikistan (Chapter 1), assesses how the agrifood sector fared in the face of COVID-19 (Chapter 2), and discusses key findings regarding agricultural public expenditure policies (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 presents recommendations for building a better future.

Agribusiness --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Food Security --- Public Sector Development

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This note provides recommendations for redesigning Zambia's Farmer Input Support Program (FISP) in the context of international experience with other similar programs, especially those in Africa. The objective of this note is to provide recommendations that can help in improving the current programs providing subsidized inputs to farmers, through enhancing the efficiency of the program, targeting the right beneficiaries, value perceived by beneficiary farmers, and probably bringing in savings. The note is a key deliverable under the Advisory Services work carried out by the Bank on strategies for food security in Zambia and Zimbabwe. This note has three sections following the summary: (i) a brief review of the evidence generated on input subsidy programs; (ii) specific recommendations for Zambia's Farmers Input Support Program, and (iii) recommendations on complementary investments.

Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Agriculture and Farming Systems --- Fertilizers --- Food Security --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Taxation and Subsidies

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Public expenditures matter a lot for agricultural growth, food and nutrition security, sustainable food systems, and other interlinked developmental outcomes. The level of agricultural public spending is important as small budgets can rarely deliver results, let alone drive any transformation of the sector. Yet, global experience clearly shows that although greater spending on agriculture is important, it does not always guarantee better outcomes unless: (i) funds are allocated to the 'right' programs and functions, which help address market failures and deliver public goods (i.e., allocative efficiency); (ii) the right programs are being implemented well (i.e. implementation efficiency); and (iii) public expenditures are supported by market-friendly agricultural policies (i.e., no agricultural price distortions). Spending more on agriculture without making progress on all the above-mentioned conditions is not recommended, because higher public spending without progress on agricultural development could result in fiscal, inflation, exchange rate, and other macroeconomic risks, which would backfire on the agriculture sector itself in the medium to long run. The quality of public spending is, therefore, an important issue, which has become even more urgent during and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis. The crisis required Uzbekistan to make substantial unforeseen public expenditures, which resulted in the larger public borrowing and lower fiscal space in the future. This report presents a review of Uzbekistan's AgPER to contribute to the policy dialogue on the repurposing of public expenditures and getting more value for money. This is the second AgPER for Uzbekistan prepared by the World Bank in the last three years. The first AgPER was completed in 2019. It fed into the Agricultural Strategy, which was being prepared at that time and later approved in October 2019. It set the 2016-2018 baseline of agricultural public expenditures for the Agricultural Strategy, underpinning Annex 4, which presented the direction of the major repurposing of agricultural public expenditures by 2030. The expenditure repurposing encompassed the phasing out of direct subsidies coupled with production conditions and a move toward more efficient farm support instruments, such as climate-smart direct farm support and investments in general support services to increase the developmental impact of public expenditures. The first AgPER presented global lessons about the impacts of various types of agricultural public expenditures (for example, their functional composition) on developmental outcomes in the agriculture sector, which were considered in preparation of Annex 4 of the Agricultural Strategy.

Agricultural Extension --- Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Livestock and Animal Husbandry --- Public Sector Development