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In Surviving Imperial Intrigues, Sangpil Jin explores how successful Korean neutralization could have radically transformed the balance of power equation in East Asia. He conducted multilocational archival work, analyzing documents from the Austro-Hungarian Empire Ministry of Foreign Affairs, British Foreign Office, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, German Foreign Office, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russian Foreign Office, Russian State Naval Archive, and U.S. State Department, as well as perusing private papers and newspapers. What surfaced in these readings were disparate voices of multiple actors and their agendas concerning Korean neutrality and dynamic international relations in modern East Asia. Jin argues that although never implemented, Korean neutralization had the potential to succeed during the British occupation of Kŏmundo (1885-1887). He further points out that neutralization has recently resurfaced as a possible option for a unified Korean state to preserve its strategic flexibility amidst the U.S. pivot to Asia and China's re-emergence as a potential hegemon in the region.While neutralization is the focal point of the book, Jin also analyzes Korea's complex and layered relations with China, Japan, Russia, and the United States, within the overall framework of Sino-Japanese, Anglo-Russian, and Russo-Japanese rivalries. A periphery state in the contemporary international system, Korea was forced to navigate through intricate diplomatic relations with major imperial powers. Jin skillfully directs his academic lens toward understanding the stories behind Korea's contentious relations and the rivalries among the powers. The timespan of his study stretching from 1882 to 1907 reflects his unique periodization that offers a groundbreaking view of Korean diplomatic history from a more regional geography paradigm. In recent years, contemporary South Korea has been learning to reassess its strategic position in the emerging Sino-U.S. bipolarity in the Asia-Pacific region. This book serves as a historical guide for both specialists and policymakers who require a nuanced grasp of the new era of geopolitical shift, likely dominated by the two powers (China and the United States) that possess a distinct understanding of the norms and structure of the international order.

Neutrality --- History.

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In the context of the Paris Agreement, the three Belgian regions have for objective to move towards the European objective of carbon neutrality by 2050. The reduction of the emission levels in the building sector is one of the elements proposed in the Belgian long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy. One way to achieve it is to use carbon-neutral energy sources for heat and hot water production such as heat pumps, district heating, etc. In parallel to this strategy, the eco-district concept characterized by its increasing energy performance is more and more present in urban planning. The goal of this study is to identify the possible environmental and economical benefits that can be obtained by installing heat pumps in eco-districts compared to traditional natural gas heating technologies. To do so, several heating system configurations including district heating
and storage are studied. These configurations are simulated thanks to an advanced simulation and optimization tool and compared through their total discounted cost and total CO2 emission. The simulations performed cover the effect of the centralization, storage, eco-district energy level and size, distances inside the eco-district, dual hourly electricity rate, natural gas and electricity price variation, CO2 taxes, subsidies, Dutch commodity prices and carbon emitted by the electricity production. The simulations performed show that the air source heat pump cases are almost twice as expensive as the natural gas condensing boiler ones when Belgian commodity prices are applied. Different economical ways to promote heat pumps in eco-districts are investigated. Concerning the environmental benefit, the air source heat pumps have very low carbon emissions compared to natural gas condensing boilers.

Heat pump --- eco-district --- carbon neutrality --- district heating --- heating system --- storage --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie

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There are legal limits on the circumstances under which states may use military force to address a perceived or actual threat. The concepts of necessity and proportionality are central to these limitations imposed by the law. This text explores the many ways in which necessity and proportionality arise in the law on the modern battlefield, which is rapidly changing, complex, and ambiguous.

War (International law) --- Intervention (International law) --- Necessity (International law) --- Proportionality in law. --- Law --- International law --- Military intervention --- Diplomacy --- Neutrality --- Hostilities

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"A World History of War Crimes provides a truly global history of war crimes and the involvement of the legal systems faced with these acts. Documenting the long historical arc traced by human efforts to limit warfare, from codes of war in antiquity designed to maintain a religiously conceived cosmic order to the gradual use in the modern age of the criminal trial as a means of enforcing universal norms, this book provides a comprehensive one-volume account of war and the laws that have governed conflict since the dawn of world civilizations. Throughout his narrative, Michael Bryant locates the origin and evolution of the law of war in the interplay between different cultures. While showing that no single philosophical idea underlay the law of war in world history, this volume also proves that war in global civilization has rarely been an anarchic free-for-all. Rather, from its beginnings warfare has been subject to certain constraints defined by the unique needs and cosmological understandings of the cultures that produce them. Only in late modernity has law assumed its current international humanitarian form. The criminalization of war crimes in international courts today is only the most recent development of the ancient theme of constraining when and how war may be fought."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

War crimes --- Crimes against humanity --- War (International law) --- Hostilities --- International law --- Neutrality --- Crime --- International crimes --- Genocide --- History. --- General & world history --- History

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It is commonly taught that the prohibition of the use of force is an achievement of the twentieth century and that beforehand States were free to resort to the arms as they pleased. International law, the story goes, was 'indifferent' to the use of force. 'Reality' as it stems from historical sources, however, appears much more complex. Using tools of history, sociology, anthropology and social psychology, this monograph offers new insights into the history of the prohibition of the use of force in international law. Conducting in-depth analysis of nineteenth century doctrine and State practice, it paves the way for an alternative narrative on the prohibition of force, and seeks to understand the origins of international law's traditional account. In so doing, it also provides a more general reflection on how the discipline writes, rewrites and chooses to remember its own history.

Intervention (International law) --- History. --- Military intervention --- Diplomacy --- International law --- Neutrality --- Belligerency. --- Belligerency --- War (International law) --- Law and legislation --- Use of force (International law)