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This book argues that positivism, though now the dominant paradigm for both the natural and the human sciences, is intrinsically unfit for the latter. In particular, it is unfit for linguistics and cognitive science, where it is ultimately self-destructive, since it fails to account for causality, while the mind, the primary object of research of the human sciences, cannot be understood unless considered to be an autonomous causal force. Author Pieter Albertus Maria Seuren, who died shortly after this manuscript was finished and after a remarkable career, reviews the history of this issue since the seventeenth century. He focuses on Descartes, Leibniz, British Empiricism and Kant, arguing that neither cognition nor language can be adequately accounted for unless the mind is given its full due. This implies that a distinction must be made—following Alexius Meinong, but against Russell and Quine—between actual and virtual reality. The latter is a product of the causally active mind and a necessary ingredient for the setting up of mental models, without which neither cognition nor language can function. Mental models are coherent sets of propositions, and can be wholly or partially true or false. Positivism rules out mental models, blocking any serious semantics and thereby reducing both language and cognition to caricatures of themselves. Seuren presents a causal theory of meaning, linking up language with cognition and solving the old question of what meaning actually amounts to.

Positivism

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Dans cette Situation, Péguy accuse le positivisme engendré par le monde moderne de s'être substitué aux anciennes humanités.Il prend pour cible le « parti intellectuel », son arrivisme, son arrogance et son mépris des traditions spirituelles du passé, sa « barbarie » nouvelle plus dangereuse encore que celle des partis politiques, son péché d’avoir réduit l’ancien désir de gloire, spirituel et légitime, en une forme de domination temporelle, pleine de mesquinerie, de bureaucratie et de parvenus. Avec verve, il s’emporte contre la modernité, le modernisme, contre l’embrigadement éducatif, contre la dénaturation et la défiguration malhonnête, lui, le Républicain, de la France de l’Ancien régime. Mais il rappelle aussi au fil des pages qu’il est un poète, un styliste : il livre ainsi un portrait au souffle hallucinant de Paris, du Paris moderne, auquel il oppose les villages de France, sa Beauce et son « océan de blés », la Sologne, le fil de la Loire, « cette Reine que les Rois ont aimée » ; coagulant avec passion l’histoire de France, il réhabilite l’épopée, l’héroïsme, l’aventure collective.Tout entier animé de la colère du Juste et de la lucidité du visionnaire, il nous offre un grand livre plein de vie.

Positivism --- Modernity

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This Element looks first at the fundamental principle of modernity that is the functional differentiation of society, and the emergence of autonomous, positive law. The careful architecture of differentiation, balance, and mutual performance between the legal, political and economic systems is jeopardised with the hypertrophy of any one of the structurally coupled systems at the expense of the others. The pathologies are described in the second section of the Element. It explores how, under conditions of globalisation, market thinking came to hoist itself to the position of privileged site of societal rationality. In the third section we look at what sustains law's own 'reflexive intelligence' under conditions of globalisation, and whether we can still rely today on the constitutional achievement to guarantee law's autonomy, its democratic credentials and its ability to reproduce normative expectations today.

Law --- Legal positivism. --- Philosophy.

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Auguste Comte a fondé le positivisme comme philosophie des sciences et comme socio-politique. Après son étude comme politique des savoirs (t. I), ce tome précise celle des pouvoirs, en politique intérieure et en politique extérieure. En un siècle, le positivisme se pluralise. Les positions du maître et des disciples sont confrontées. En socio-politique intérieure les points majeurs sont la distribution des pouvoirs, l’organisation du travail et celle de la famille. La socio-politique extérieure vise la fraternisation des peuples. Comte voulait un Occident puis un monde de républiques sociocratiques. Les disciples sont confrontés aux patriotismes, nationalismes, colonialismes et au retour des guerres. Le positivisme se diffuse avec adaptations et réappropriations mêlées à d’autres inspirations. S’il disparaît comme mouvement ou école, il s’immisce un peu partout, morcelé ou complété, traduit ou trahi, apprécié ou fustigé, revu et corrigé, mais persévérant (4e de couverture)

Positivism --- Political science --- Comte, Auguste, 1798-1857

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Pragmatism is the view that our philosophical concepts must be connected to our practices - philosophy must stay connected to first-order inquiry, to real examples, to real-life expertise. Contemporary philosophers explore this and develop the pragmatist project, showing that pragmatism is a strong current in philosophy today.

Pragmatism. --- Idealism --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Philosophy --- Philosophy, Modern --- Positivism --- Realism --- Utilitarianism --- Experience --- Reality --- Truth --- Pragmatisme.