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To understand how the world’s ecosystems are changing we need to understand cities, and to create better cities we need to understand the ecosystems they depend on. The failure of most markets, government policies and even urban studies to take these relations into account has put cities, and increasingly the whole world, in a difficult position. Studies like Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services can help us to extricate ourselves, provided we act on the knowledge they provide. Gordon McGranahan International Institute for Environment and Development The challenges of urbanization are profound, but so too are the opportunities. Cities can reconcile human society and biodiversity by creating environments that are ecologically sustainable, economically productive, socially just, politically participatory and culturally vibrant. I commend this study to all who have a stake in creating ecologically sustainable urbanization for the benefit of humanity and the planet. Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General, United Nations.

Science --- International law --- Environmental law --- General ecology and biosociology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Production management --- Environmental planning --- Economic geography --- ruimtelijke ordening --- biologie --- wetenschap --- architectuur --- ecologie --- internationaal recht --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- wetenschappen --- wiskunde --- milieurecht --- Urbanization --- Urban ecology (Sociology) --- City planning --- Sustainable development --- Environmental aspects --- Urban ecology (Biology). --- Urban planning. --- City planning. --- Sustainable development. --- System theory. --- International environmental law. --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- International environmental law --- Common heritage of mankind (International law) --- Systems, Theory of --- Systems science --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- City ecology (Biology) --- Ecology --- Philosophy --- Government policy --- Management --- City planning - Environmental aspects --- Urban Ecology --- Urbanism --- Sustainable Development --- Complex Systems --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary --- International Environmental Law --- Urban Geography and Urbanism --- Environmental Social Sciences --- Humanities and Social Sciences --- Biodiversity --- Challenges --- Ecosystem services --- Opportunities --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Urban & municipal planning --- Sustainability --- Applied mathematics --- Interdisciplinary studies --- Public international law: environment --- Medicine. --- Proteins . --- Biology—Technique. --- Biomedicine, general. --- Protein Science. --- Protein-Ligand Interactions. --- Biological Techniques.