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As many as 40 different Shìi groups existed in the 9th and 10th centuries yet only 3 forms have survived. Why is Twelver Shìism one of them As the established faith in modern Iran, the majority faith in Iraq and areas in the Gulf and with its adherents forming sizeable minorities elsewhere in the region, Twelver Shi'ism is arguably the most successful branch of Shi'ism. Andrew J. Newman chronicles the progression of Twelver Shiism, exploring the numerous external challenges and internal disagreements that marked the lives of believers in pockets across the Middle East to the early 18th century. During this time, from the 13th to the 15th century especially, with scholarly activity and the availability of earlier key texts of the faith limited, the region's many millenarian doctrines and movements threatened its demise. Only by the late 17th century was Twelver Shiism's survival assured, both in Iran and elsewhere in the region.

Shiah --- 297 <09> --- History. --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van ... --- Doctrines --- Shīʻah --- Imams (Shiites) --- Imams (Shiites). --- Shīʻah / Doctrines / History. --- Shīʻah / History. --- Imamiten. --- Geschichte 632-1722. --- Shīʻah / Doctrines / History --- Shīʻah / History --- History --- Imamiten --- Shīʻah --- Chiisme --- Imāms (chiisme) --- Histoire. --- Shåi°ah --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van .. --- Doctrines&delete& --- Imams --- Shiites --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van . --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van

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Distribution strategy --- Retail trade --- Management --- Retail trade - Textbooks --- Retail trade - Management - Textbooks --- Distribution

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This work covers papers presented at the Third International Round Table on Safavid Persia, held at the University of Edinburgh in 1998. It should be of use to scholars of Iranian history and culture as well as students of early modern Middle Eastern history and culture.

Iran --- República Islâmica do Irã --- Irã --- Persia --- Northern Tier --- Islamic Republic of Iran --- Jumhūrī-i Islāmī-i Īrān --- I-lang --- Paras-Iran --- Paras --- Persia-Iran --- I.R.A. --- Islamische Republik Iran --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Iran --- I.R.I. --- IRI --- ايران --- جمهورى اسلامى ايران --- Êran --- Komarî Îslamî Êran --- History --- Civilization --- Congresses --- Congresses. --- Histoire --- Congrès --- Civilisation