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My book deals for the first time comprehensively with the techniques (and methodologies) of socio-cultural research in pre-modern societies. Contrary to prevailing opinion, it holds that some form of empirical research in these domains must have been present in all human groups, and every type of society, otherwise they would not have been able to adapt to other groups and to their own Internal changes. I distinguish between three basic research techniques: (1) travel, (2) the survey, and (3) the collection and interpretation of material objects.. Chapters I-III follow the development of these techniques from primitive societies via the early civilizations (exemplified by the Ancient near East, Egypt, Israel and the Greco-Roman world) and the Middle Ages to Early Modern Western Society. The mainstay of the book is the period from late humanism to the "scientific revolution" (circa 1570-1660),when all the techniques were refined and two of them (travel and collecting) were methodized. In that period also the age-old barriers against the accumulation of the research results and thus the development of socio-cultural sciences, namely secrecy and topicality, began to break down. I hold that all this contributed decisively to the hegemony of the west over all other World civilizations. Chapters IV-VIII deal with some special problems of the following period from the "scientific revolution" to the onset of Modernity (circa 1660-1800). They are closely interconnected and add some significant and lively details to the generalizations of chapters I-III.

Anthropology - General --- Anthropology --- Social Sciences --- 910.4 "15/17" --- 094:910.4 --- 094:910.4 Oude en merkwaardige drukken. Kostbare en zeldzame boeken. Preciosa en rariora-:-Ontdekkingsreizen. Reizen. Expedities. Reisverhalen --- Oude en merkwaardige drukken. Kostbare en zeldzame boeken. Preciosa en rariora-:-Ontdekkingsreizen. Reizen. Expedities. Reisverhalen --- 910.4 "15/17" Ontdekkingsreizen. Reizen. Expedities--"tijd"--Moderne Tijd --- Ontdekkingsreizen. Reizen. Expedities--"tijd"--Moderne Tijd --- Travel --- History --- Ethnology --- Methodology --- Social sciences --- travel, the survey, the collection, socio-cultural sciences --- Reise, Umfrage, Sammeln, Renaissance, Sozialwissenschaften, Kulturwissenschaften

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This volume examines the early modern methodology of anthropological and social research from a critical-historical perspective. The two principal methods of research, travel and the questionnaire, are studied in the context of the social conditions and intellectual trends of early modern times. The author weaves together a series of separate studies, emphasizing links between the figures, the philosophies and the literature of early modern times; links which have previously been suspected. In focusing on the ""ars apodemica"" or ""art of travelling"", a body of formal instruction on how to

Travel --- Ethnology --- Social sciences --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- History. --- Methodology --- 094:910.4 --- 910.4 "15/17" --- 094:910.4 Oude en merkwaardige drukken. Kostbare en zeldzame boeken. Preciosa en rariora-:-Ontdekkingsreizen. Reizen. Expedities. Reisverhalen --- Oude en merkwaardige drukken. Kostbare en zeldzame boeken. Preciosa en rariora-:-Ontdekkingsreizen. Reizen. Expedities. Reisverhalen --- 910.4 "15/17" Ontdekkingsreizen. Reizen. Expedities--"tijd"--Moderne Tijd --- Ontdekkingsreizen. Reizen. Expedities--"tijd"--Moderne Tijd --- Methodology&delete& --- History --- Anthropologie sociale et culturelle --- Sciences sociales --- Voyage --- Méthodologie --- Histoire --- Ethnology. Cultural anthropology --- Literature --- History of civilization --- anno 1500-1799 --- Travel - History --- Ethnology - Methodology - History --- Social sciences - Methodology - History

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Political anthropology.

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