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States of Credit provides the first comprehensive look at the joint development of representative assemblies and public borrowing in Europe during the medieval and early modern eras. In this pioneering book, David Stasavage argues that unique advances in political representation allowed certain European states to gain early and advantageous access to credit, but the emergence of an active form of political representation itself depended on two underlying factors: compact geography and a strong mercantile presence. Stasavage shows that active representative assemblies were more likely to be sustained in geographically small polities. These assemblies, dominated by mercantile groups that lent to governments, were in turn more likely to preserve access to credit. Given these conditions, smaller European city-states, such as Genoa and Cologne, had an advantage over larger territorial states, including France and Castile, because mercantile elites structured political institutions in order to effectively monitor public credit. While creditor oversight of public funds became an asset for city-states in need of finance, Stasavage suggests that the long-run implications were more ambiguous. City-states with the best access to credit often had the most closed and oligarchic systems of representation, hindering their ability to accept new economic innovations. This eventually transformed certain city-states from economic dynamos into rentier republics. Exploring the links between representation and debt in medieval and early modern Europe, States of Credit contributes to broad debates about state formation and Europe's economic rise.

History of Europe --- Debts, Public --- Credit --- Middle Ages. --- Dettes publiques --- Crédit --- Moyen Age --- History --- Histoire --- Europe --- Politics and government. --- History. --- Politique et gouvernement --- EARLY MODERN ERAS -- 338.98 --- POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT -- 338.98 --- MIDDLE AGES -- 338.98 --- EUR / Europe - Europa --- 331.161.0 --- Geschiedenis van de overheidsfinanciën: agemeenheden. --- Crédit --- Middle Ages --- Dark Ages --- History, Medieval --- Medieval history --- Medieval period --- World history, Medieval --- World history --- Civilization, Medieval --- Medievalism --- Renaissance --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Borrowing --- Finance --- Money --- Loans --- Geschiedenis van de overheidsfinanciën: agemeenheden --- Politics --- E-books --- Politics and government --- Carolingian Empire. --- Carolingian partition hypothesis. --- Castile. --- Cologne. --- Dutch Republic. --- Europe. --- France. --- Genoa. --- Holland. --- Italy. --- Low Countries. --- Rokkan/Tilly hypothesis. --- Siena. --- absolutism. --- borrowing. --- city-states. --- commitment problems. --- credit. --- debt. --- economic development. --- geographic scale. --- government finance. --- interest rates. --- merchant oligarchy. --- merchants. --- nominal rates. --- political control. --- political representation. --- polities. --- public borrowing. --- public credit. --- public debt. --- public finance. --- rentes sur l'Htel de Ville. --- representative assemblies. --- social conflict. --- soldiers. --- state formation. --- taxation. --- territorial states. --- war. --- Debts, Public - Europe - History --- Credit - Europe - History --- Europe - Politics and government --- Europe - History

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"Historical accounts of democracy's rise tend to focus on ancient Greece and pre-Renaissance Europe. The Decline and Rise of Democracy draws from global evidence to show that the story is much richer-democratic practices were present in many places, at many other times, from the Americas before European conquest, to ancient Mesopotamia, to precolonial Africa. Delving into the prevalence of early democracy throughout the world, David Stasavage makes the case that understanding how and where these democracies flourished-and when and why they declined-can provide crucial information not just about the history of governance, but also about the ways modern democracies work and where they could manifest in the future. Drawing from examples spanning several millennia, Stasavage first considers why states developed either democratic or autocratic styles of governance and argues that early democracy tended to develop in small places with a weak state and, counterintuitively, simple technologies. When central state institutions (such as a tax bureaucracy) were absent-as in medieval Europe-rulers needed consent from their populace to govern. When central institutions were strong-as in China or the Middle East-consent was less necessary and autocracy more likely. He then explores the transition from early to modern democracy, which first took shape in England and then the United States, illustrating that modern democracy arose as an effort to combine popular control with a strong state over a large territory. Democracy has been an experiment that has unfolded over time and across the world-and its transformation is ongoing. Amidst rising democratic anxieties, The Decline and Rise of Democracy widens the historical lens on the growth of political institutions and offers surprising lessons for all who care about governance"--

Political systems --- World history --- DEMOCRACY--HISTORY --- 321.4 --- Democratie --- BPB2205 --- democracy --- history --- political science --- politikas zinātne --- valtio-oppi --- ciencia política --- политички науки --- politične vede --- scienze politiche --- nauki polityczne --- politológia --- politisk videnskab --- science politique --- ciência política --- politieke wetenschap --- политичке науке --- političke znanosti --- politische Wissenschaft --- politologija --- eolaíocht pholaitiúil --- politologie --- shkenca politike --- politoloogia --- πολιτική επιστήμη --- știință politică --- политическа наука --- xjenza politika --- statsvetenskap --- политичка теорија --- Politologie --- statskundskab --- politikatudomány --- politické vědy --- státověda --- Politikwissenschaft --- ştiinţe politice --- politicologie --- statskunskap --- teorie politiky --- politoloģija --- политикологија --- politikos mokslas --- правно-политички науки --- História --- ιστορία --- storja --- histori --- historie --- historia --- história --- история --- stair --- geschiedenis --- történettudomány --- povijest --- zgodovina --- histoire --- историја --- Geschichtswissenschaft --- storia --- istorija --- ajalugu --- vēsture --- istorie --- Geschichte --- historiografie --- storiografia --- dějiny národů --- historiador --- dějepis --- historická věda --- történelem --- δημοκρατία --- demokrácia --- demokrātija --- democracia --- demokraatia --- democrazia --- demokracija --- démocratie --- demokratija --- daonlathas --- democrație --- demokratia --- demokracie --- demokracja --- demokrati --- demokraci --- demokracia --- democratie --- Demokratie --- demokrazija --- демокрация --- демократија --- politický pluralizmus --- pluralizm polityczny --- πολιτικός πλουραλισμός --- folkstyre --- folkestyre --- politiek pluralisme --- politischer Pluralismus --- politiskais plurālisms --- demokrātiska vienlīdzība --- politikai pluralizmus --- égalité démocratique --- politický pluralismus --- ugwaljanza demokratika --- pluraliżmu politiku --- barazi demokratike --- pluralismo político --- politinis pliuralizmas --- politisk jämlikhet --- демократична равнопоставеност --- igualdad democrática --- democratische gelijkheid --- demokratische Gleichheit --- δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα --- demokraattinen yhdenvertaisuus --- poliittinen pluralismi --- demokratična enakost --- democratic equality --- demokratikus egyenlőség --- pluralisme politique --- politisk mångfald --- demokraatlik võrdsus --- igualdade democrática --- politisk pluralism --- ludowładztwo --- политически плурализъм --- politisk pluralisme --- pluralism politic --- pluralismo politico --- pluralizëm politik --- demokratická rovnost --- politički pluralizam --- uguaglianza democratica --- politični pluralizem --- egalitate democratică --- demokratická rovnosť --- political pluralism --- poliitiline pluralism --- demokratinė lygybė --- политички плурализам --- Democracy --- Political science --- World politics --- Colonialism --- Global politics --- International politics --- Political history --- Eastern question --- Geopolitics --- International organization --- International relations --- State, The --- History --- History of theories --- BPB9999 --- History. --- Anglo Saxon monarchy. --- Balance of Power. --- Barry Weingast. --- British democracy. --- Champa rice. --- Daron Acemoglu. --- Douglass North. --- Dutch Republic. --- England’s modern democracy. --- Escape from Rome. --- Forged through Fire. --- Frances McCall Rosenbluth. --- French democracy. --- Germanic tribes, Arabia. --- Glorious Revolution. --- Greek city-states, Athens. --- Hurons in seventeenth-century Canada. --- Islamic history. --- James Robinson. --- John Ferejohn. --- John Joseph Wallis. --- Native American history. --- Oman and democracy. --- Sasanid bureaucracy. --- Tlaxcalans in early sixteenth-century Mexico. --- Violence and Social Orders. --- Walter Scheidel. --- contemporary African history. --- demokratia. --- ekklesia. --- imperial China. --- premodern China. --- role of agriculture. --- slavery in America. --- thetes.

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Corruption in customs administrations is a major problem in many African countries. Data from the period 1990-96 are used to examine several hypotheses concerning the determinants of customs fraud in Senegal and Mali. Statistical tests using product-by-product data support the widely held view that high levels of taxation lead to fraud. The findings also show that hiring a pre-shipment inspection company can be an effective tool in fighting corruption, but only if it is accompanied by internal reforms like computerisation of customs procedures. Finally, changes in determinants of corruption, such as levels of taxation, have themselves depended upon broader political changes in each of the two countries ...

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