Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russians have seen the ruble steadily lose ground to alternative means of payment such as barter and privately issued quasi-monies. Industry now collects as much as 70 percent of its receipts in nonmonetary form, leaving many firms with too little cash to pay salaries and taxes. In this ground-breaking book on the Russian economy, David Woodruff argues that Moscow's inability to control the nation's currency is not a carry-over from the Soviet past. Rather, the Russian government has failed to build the administrative capacity and political support demanded by monetary consolidation-a neglected but crucial aspect of capitalist statebuilding. Drawing on a vast array of empirical evidence, Woodruff shows how the widespread use of barter arose as local authorities tried to protect industry against the destructive effects of price increases and crude tax and accounting systems. As businesses fled or were driven from the money economy, provincial governments invented new ways to tax in kind and issued substitutes for the ruble. In turn, the federal authorities, unable to coerce firms either to operate in the money economy or to abandon business altogether, were forced to make accommodations to barter and to ruble alternatives. Woodruff describes the enormous fiscal difficulties that resulted and recounts the intense political battles over attempts to address the problem. Through an overview of monetary consolidation in other nations, Woodruff demonstrates that the struggles of the new Russian state have much to teach us about the political history of money worldwide. Sovereignty over money cannot, he argues, be imposed by government on a recalcitrant society. Nor can it be assumed as a by-product of disciplined policies aimed at market reform. Monetary consolidation is, at heart, a political achievement requiring political support.

POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Economy --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Finance --- Politique monetaire --- Troc --- Crises boursieres --- Tauschhandel --- Ruilhandel. --- Economische situatie. --- Monetary policy. --- Financial crises. --- Economic history. --- Barter. --- Crises financieres --- Financial crises --- Barter --- Monetary policy --- In-kind exchange --- Payment-in-kind --- Exchange --- Local exchange trading systems --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic --- Economics --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Since 1991 --- Russie --- Russland --- Russia (Federation) --- Rossīi︠a︡ --- Rossīĭskai︠a︡ Imperīi︠a︡ --- Russia (Provisional government, 1917) --- Russia (Vremennoe pravitelʹstvo, 1917) --- Ṛusastan --- Russia (Tymchasovyĭ uri︠a︡d, 1917) --- Russian Empire --- Rosja --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) --- Russian Federation --- Rossiyskaya Federatsiya --- Rossiya (Federation) --- Rossii︠a︡ (Federation) --- Российская Федерация --- Rossiĭskai︠a︡ Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Російська Федерація --- Rosiĭsʹka Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Federazione della Russia --- Russische Föderation --- RF --- Federation of Russia --- Urysye Federat︠s︡ie --- Правительство России --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossii --- Правительство Российской Федерации --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii --- Правительство РФ --- Pravitelʹstvo RF --- Rosja (Federation) --- O-lo-ssu (Federation) --- Roshia Renpō --- Federazione russa --- OKhU --- Orosyn Kholboony Uls --- Conditions economiques --- Rußland --- Krievija --- Federazione Russa --- Großrussland --- Großrußland --- Russia --- Rossijskaja Imperija --- Empire de Russie --- Federacja Rosyjska --- Rossija --- Rossijskaja Federacija --- Russische Föderation --- Russisches Reich --- РФ --- Российская Империя --- Russische SFSR --- -1917 --- 25.12.1991 --- -Conditions economiques --- -Russian Federation --- Eluosi (Federation) --- 俄罗斯 (Federation) --- Bartergeschäft --- Handel --- Courses aux guichets --- Crises bancaires --- Crises boursières --- Débâcles boursières --- Débâcles financières --- Krachs --- Paniques bancaires --- Paniques boursières --- Paniques financières --- Bulles spéculatives --- Cycles financiers --- Krach boursier (1929) --- Krach boursier (1987) --- South Sea Company, Bulle spéculative de la (1720) --- Tulipomanie (Pays-Bas ; 1634-1637) --- Crises économiques --- Marché financier --- Échange-marchandises --- Échange non monétaire (troc) --- Échanges en nature --- Économie de troc --- Truck system --- Comptoirs --- Don et contre-don --- Échanges compensés --- Économie de subsistance --- Monnaie franche --- Systèmes d'échanges locaux --- Anthropologie économique --- Commerce --- Échange --- Flottement des monnaies --- Monnaie --- Banques centrales --- Masse monétaire --- Trésor public --- Conseils monétaires --- Assouplissement quantitatif (politique monétaire) --- Dollarisation --- Open-market --- Change --- Crédit --- Dévaluation --- Politique économique --- Law and legislation --- Political aspects --- Flottement --- Politique gouvernementale --- Politique publique --- Pravitelʹstvo RF --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossii --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii --- Roshia Renpō --- Rosiĭsʹka Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Rossii︠a︡ (Federation) --- Rossiĭskai︠a︡ Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Russische Föderation --- Urysye Federat︠s︡ie

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This friendly, fully illustrated guide offers clear, concise direction on treating numerous acute and life-threatening issues. Absorb current best practices on critical care basics and specialized areas such as advanced life support measures, multisystem trauma, and treating specialized needs. This is ideal guidance for students, nurses new to clinical care, and those preparing for the Critical Care (CCRN) certification exam.

Critical Care Nursing --- Critical Illness --- methods --- nursing --- Intensive care nursing --- Critical care --- Nursing care

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Optimization problems in practice are diverse and evolve over time, giving rise to - quirements both for ready-to-use optimization software packages and for optimization software libraries, which provide more or less adaptable building blocks for app- cation-specific software systems. In order to apply optimization methods to a new type of problem, corresponding models and algorithms have to be “coded” so that they are accessible to a computer. One way to achieve this step is the use of a mod- ing language. Such modeling systems provide an excellent interface between models and solvers, but only for a limited range of model types (in some cases, for example, linear) due, in part, to limitations imposed by the solvers. Furthermore, while m- eling systems especially for heuristic search are an active research topic, it is still an open question as to whether such an approach may be generally successful. Modeling languages treat the solvers as a “black box” with numerous controls. Due to variations, for example, with respect to the pursued objective or specific problem properties, - dressing real-world problems often requires special purpose methods. Thus, we are faced with the difficulty of efficiently adapting and applying appropriate methods to these problems. Optimization software libraries are intended to make it relatively easy and cost effective to incorporate advanced planning methods in application-specific software systems. A general classification provides a distinction between callable packages, nume- cal libraries, and component libraries.

Discrete mathematics --- Computer science. --- Operations research. --- Decision making. --- Software engineering. --- Computers. --- Computer mathematics. --- Mathematical optimization. --- Calculus of variations. --- Computer Science. --- Software Engineering. --- Theory of Computation. --- Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis. --- Optimization. --- Operation Research/Decision Theory. --- Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control; Optimization. --- Operations Research/Decision Theory. --- Isoperimetrical problems --- Variations, Calculus of --- Maxima and minima --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Optimization (Mathematics) --- Optimization techniques --- Optimization theory --- Systems optimization --- Mathematical analysis --- Operations research --- Simulation methods --- System analysis --- Computer mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Mathematics --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic brains --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Machine theory --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Decision making --- Mathematics—Data processing. --- Operations Research and Decision Theory. --- Calculus of Variations and Optimization.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

provide models that could be used by do-it-yourselfers and also can be used toprovideunderstandingofthebackgroundissuessothatonecandoabetter job of working with the (proprietary) algorithms of the software vendors. In this book we strive to provide models that capture many of the - tails faced by ?rms operating in a modern supply chain, but we stop short of proposing models for economic analysis of the entire multi-player chain. In other words, we produce models that are useful for planning within a supply chain rather than models for planning the supply chain. The usefulness of the models is enhanced greatly by the fact that they have been implemented - ing computer modeling languages. Implementations are shown in Chapter 7, which allows solutions to be found using a computer. A reasonable question is: why write the book now? It is a combination of opportunities that have recently become available. The availability of mod- inglanguagesandcomputersthatprovidestheopportunitytomakepractical use of the models that we develop. Meanwhile, software companies are p- viding software for optimized production planning in a supply chain. The opportunity to make use of such software gives rise to a need to understand some of the issues in computational models for optimized planning. This is best done by considering simple models and examples.

Production planning --- Mathematical optimization. --- Production management. --- Business logistics. --- Production --- Optimisation mathématique --- Logistique (Organisation) --- Mathematical models. --- Planification --- Modèles mathématiques --- Gestion --- Production planning. --- Mathematical optimization --- Production management --- Business logistics --- Mechanical Engineering --- Management --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Business & Economics --- Industrial & Management Engineering --- Management Theory --- Mathematical models --- 658.51 --- Organization of production --- 658.51 Organization of production --- Supply chain management --- Manufacturing management --- Optimization (Mathematics) --- Optimization techniques --- Optimization theory --- Systems optimization --- Operations research. --- Decision making. --- Information technology. --- Business --- Econometrics. --- Economics. --- Operation Research/Decision Theory. --- Operations Management. --- IT in Business. --- Data processing. --- Industrial management --- Mathematical analysis --- Maxima and minima --- Operations research --- Simulation methods --- System analysis --- Logistics --- Operations Research/Decision Theory. --- IT (Information technology) --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Economics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Business—Data processing. --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Decision making --- Business information services. --- Operations Research and Decision Theory. --- Business enterprises --- Information services