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The governance of natural resources used by many individuals in common is an issue of increasing concern to policy analysts. Both state control and privatization of resources have been advocated, but neither the state nor the market have been uniformly successful in solving common pool resource problems. After critiquing the foundations of policy analysis as applied to natural resources, Elinor Ostrom here provides a unique body of empirical data to explore conditions under which common pool resource problems have been satisfactorily or unsatisfactorily solved. Dr. Ostrom first describes three models most frequently used as the foundation for recommending state or market solutions. She then outlines theoretical and empirical alternatives to these models in order to illustrate the diversity of possible solutions. In the following chapters she uses institutional analysis to examine different ways--both successful and unsuccessful--of governing the commons. In contrast to the proposition of the tragedy of the commons argument, common pool problems sometimes are solved by voluntary organizations rather than by a coercive state. Among the cases considered are communal tenure in meadows and forests, irrigation communities and other water rights, and fisheries.
330.54 --- Commons --- -Social choice --- Social choice --- -Choice, Social --- Collective choice --- Public choice --- Common lands --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- 330.54 Nationaal produkt. Sociaal produkt. Transfert social. Sociale herverdeling. Consumptie en produktie --- Nationaal produkt. Sociaal produkt. Transfert social. Sociale herverdeling. Consumptie en produktie --- Case studies --- Law and legislation --- Commons. --- Social choice. --- Beleidskunde. --- Case studies. --- Choice, Social --- Choice (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Welfare economics --- Land tenure --- Public lands --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Natural resources, Communal --- Village communities --- #SBIB:35H400 --- #SBIB:IO --- Beleid: algemeen --- Political sociology --- AA / International- internationaal --- 305.6 --- 338.013 --- 338.74 --- Risicotheorie, speltheorie. Risicokapitaal. Beslissingsmodellen. --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen. --- Watervoorziening. --- Risicotheorie, speltheorie. Risicokapitaal. Beslissingsmodellen --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen --- Watervoorziening --- -Risicotheorie, speltheorie. Risicokapitaal. Beslissingsmodellen --- Commons - Case studies --- Social choice - Case studies --- Commons - Case studies. --- Social choice - Case studies. --- -Case studies
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Would improving the economic, social, and political condition of the world's disadvantaged people slow--or accelerate--environmental degradation? In Inequality, Cooperation, and Environmental Sustainability, leading social scientists provide answers to this difficult question, using new research on the impact of inequality on environmental sustainability.The contributors' findings suggest that inequality may exacerbate environmental problems by making it more difficult for individuals, groups, and nations to cooperate in the design and enforcement of measures to protect natural assets ranging from local commons to the global climate. But a more equal division of a given amount of income could speed the process of environmental degradation--for example, if the poor value the preservation of the environment less than the rich do, or if the consumption patterns of the poor entail proportionally greater environmental degradation than that of the rich. The contributors also find that the effect of inequality on cooperation and environmental sustainability depends critically on the economic and political institutions governing how people interact, and the technical nature of the environmental asset in question. The contributors focus on the local commons because many of the world's poorest depend on them for their livelihoods, and recent research has made great strides in showing how private incentives, group governance, and government policies might combine to protect these resources.
Sustainable development --- Natural resources, Communal --- Commons --- AA / International- internationaal --- 339.21 --- 351.2 --- 355 --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid. --- Openbare gezondheid. Milieubescherming. Milieuvervuiling. --- Milieu --- Social Sciences and Humanities. Economics --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Economics. --- Common lands --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- Land tenure --- Public lands --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Village communities --- Communal natural resources --- Community-owned natural resources --- Collective settlements --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid --- Openbare gezondheid. Milieubescherming. Milieuvervuiling --- Law and legislation --- Case studies. --- Sustainable development - Case studies --- Natural resources, Communal - Case studies --- Commons - Case studies
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Urban space is a commons: simultaneously a sphere of human cooperation and negotiation and its product. Understanding urban space as a commons means that the much sought-after productivity of the city precedes rather than results from strategies of the state and capital. This approach challenges assumptions of urbanization as capital-driven, an idea which resonates with a range of recent urban social movements, from the Arab Spring and the Occupy movement to the "Right to the City" alliance. However commons exist in a tense relationship with state and market, both of which continually seek to exploit and control them. Initiatives to create "commons" are welcomed and even facilitated by governments in order to (re- )valorize urban space and lessen the impacts of economic restructuring, while, at the same time, the creative and reproductive potential of the urban commons is undermined by continuing attempts to commodify them. This volume examines these topics theoretically and empirically through a wide spectrum of international case studies providing perspectives from a variety of cities as diverse as Berlin, Hyderabad and Seoul. A wider discussion of commons in current scientific and activist literature from housing, public space, to urban infrastructure, is explored through the lens of the urban condition.
Participatie --- 711.61 --- 711.4 --- 711.6 --- 504 --- Cities and towns. --- Cities and towns --- Urbanization. --- Urbanization --- Public spaces. --- Public spaces --- Commons. --- Commons --- Sociology, Urban. --- Sociology, Urban --- Public places --- Social areas --- Urban public spaces --- Urban spaces --- Cities and towns, Movement to --- Urban development --- Urban systems --- Urban sociology --- Common lands --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- Global cities --- Municipalities --- Towns --- Urban areas --- Openbare ruimte --- Publieke ruimte --- Stedenbouw --- Stadsplanning --- Duurzame ontwikkeling --- Duurzame stedenbouw --- Case studies. --- Law and legislation --- Land tenure --- Public lands --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Natural resources, Communal --- Village communities --- Social history --- Sociology, Rural --- Urban policy --- Rural-urban migration --- Human settlements --- Land use, Urban --- Terres de communage --- Utilisation urbaine du sol --- Espaces publics --- Congresses --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- Case studies --- Public spaces - Congresses --- Public spaces - Case studies --- Cities and towns - Case studies --- Cities and towns - Congresses --- Commons - Congresses --- Commons - Case studies --- Sociology, Urban - Congresses --- Sociology, Urban - Case studies
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La question de la gouvernance des ressources naturelles utilisées conjointement par de nombreux individus revêt une importance croissante pour les analystes politiques. Tant la nationalisation que la privatisation ont été mises en avant mais ni l'État ni le marché n'ont été uniformément en mesure de résoudre les problèmes liés aux ressources communes. Remettant en question les fondements de l'analyse politique telle qu'appliquée aux ressources naturelles, Elinor Ostrom fournit dans cet ouvrage un ensemble unique de données empiriques afin d'étudier les conditions dans lesquelles des problèmes de ressources communes ont été résolus, de manière satisfaisante ou non. L'auteur décrit d'abord les trois modèles les plus fréquemment utilisés en tant que fondements pour préconiser des solutions se basant sur l'État ou le marché. Elle passe ensuite en revue les alternatives théoriques et empiriques à ces modèles afin d'illustrer la diversité des solutions possibles. Dans les chapitres suivants, elle fait appel à l'analyse institutionnelle en vue d'examiner diverses stratégies - fructueuses ou infructueuses - de gouvernance des biens communs. Contrairement à ce qu'affirme l'argument de la « tragédie des biens communs », les problèmes de ressources communes peuvent être résolus par des organisations volontaires plus efficacement que par un État coercitif. Parmi les cas considérés figurent la tenure communale de prairies et de forêts, des communautés d'irrigation, des droits relatifs à l'eau ainsi que des sites de pêche. « Gouvernance des biens communs » apporte une contribution majeure à la littérature analytique et à notre conception de la coopération humaine
Natural resources --- Conservation of natural resources --- Ressources naturelles --- Conservation des ressources naturelles --- Management --- Case studies --- Gestion --- Cas, Etudes de --- Commons --- Social choice --- AA / International- internationaal --- 305.6 --- 338.013 --- 338.74 --- BPB1012 --- Ressource naturelle --- Coopération internationale --- Risicotheorie, speltheorie. Risicokapitaal. Beslissingsmodellen. --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen. --- Watervoorziening. --- Natuurlijke reserves --- Internationale samenwerking --- Ressources naturelles communales --- Gestion des ressources naturelles. --- Gestion. --- rahvusvaheline koostöö --- меѓународна соработка --- international cooperation --- nemzetközi együttműködés --- współpraca międzynarodowa --- cooperazione internazionale --- internationale Zusammenarbeit --- cooperare internațională --- internationale samenwerking --- medzinárodná spolupráca --- tarptautinis bendradarbiavimas --- kansainvälinen yhteistyö --- cooperação internacional --- международно сътрудничество --- internationellt samarbete --- bashkëpunim ndërkombëtar --- међународна сарадња --- mezinárodní spolupráce --- mednarodno sodelovanje --- internationalt samarbejde --- διεθνής συνεργασία --- međunarodna suradnja --- kooperazzjoni internazzjonali --- starptautiskā sadarbība --- cooperación internacional --- comhar idirnáisiúnta --- mezinárodní kooperace --- интернационална соработка --- internacionální kooperace --- spolupráce na mezinárodní úrovni --- internacionální spolupráce --- kaimiņvalstu sadarbība --- dabas resursi --- prírodné zdroje --- naturtillgångar --- resurse naturale --- burime natyrore --- prirodna dobra --- naturressourcer --- φυσικοί πόροι --- loodusvarad --- luonnonvarat --- risorse naturali --- recursos naturais --- природни ресурси --- recurso natural --- natural resources --- naravni viri --- natürliche Ressourcen --- természeti erőforrások --- riżorsi naturali --- přírodní zdroje --- zasoby naturalne --- gamtos ištekliai --- natuurlijke reserves --- природна богатства --- bohatství přírody --- Naturgüter --- loodusressursid --- Naturschätze --- природни богатства --- prirodni resursi --- natuurlijke rijkdom --- természeti kincsek --- prirodna baština --- prirodni izvori --- natürliche Hilfsquellen --- природни добра --- naturrigdomme --- prirodna bogatstva --- přírodní bohatství --- Risicotheorie, speltheorie. Risicokapitaal. Beslissingsmodellen --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen --- Watervoorziening --- acmhainní nádúrtha --- Commons - Case studies --- Social choice - Case studies --- Coopération internationale
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