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This is an expanded version of the third Dirac Memorial Lecture, given in 1988 by the Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam. Salam's lecture presents an overview of the developments in modern particle physics from its inception at the turn of the century to the present theories seeking to unify all the fundamental forces. In addition, two previously unpublished lectures by Paul Dirac, and Werner Heisenberg are included. These lectures provide a fascinating insight into their approach to research and the developments in particle physics at that time. Nonspecialists, undergraduates and researchers will find this a fascinating book. It contains a clear introduction to the major themes of particle physics and cosmology by one of the most distinguished contemporary physicists.

Elementary particles --- Grand unified theories (Nuclear physics) --- Quantum theory --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Grand unification theories (Nuclear physics) --- GUT (Nuclear physics) --- Unification of fundamental particle interactions (Nuclear physics) --- Unified theories --- Gauge fields (Physics) --- Nuclear reactions --- Supergravity --- Supersymmetry --- Unified field theories --- Quantum theory. --- Grand unified theories (Nuclear physics).

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In this book, an attempt is made to provide a hybrid grand unified theory to understand the universe, both in its micro/quantum aspects as well as macro/galactic aspects. The book describes a truly hybrid theory as it encompasses both the modern and ancient theories of the universe, together with its functioning at all levels of human comprehension. One of its authors, Dr Escultura, was nominated in 2005 for a Nobel Prize for his flux theory of gravitation. From then on this theory has been improved, clarified and is now known as the hybrid grand unified theory. This book deals with this new bold theory, unifying mathematics and physics, and answering some open fundamental questions and paradoxes in these disciplines. The book also describes what the ancient scientists knew about these matters.

Grand unified theories (Nuclear physics) --- Mathematical physics. --- Mathematics. --- Nuclear physics. --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Applied Physics --- Operations Research --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Nuclear Physics --- Grand unification theories (Nuclear physics) --- GUT (Nuclear physics) --- Unification of fundamental particle interactions (Nuclear physics) --- Unified theories --- Mathematical Physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Math --- Science --- Mathematics --- Gauge fields (Physics) --- Nuclear reactions --- Supergravity --- Supersymmetry --- Unified field theories

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Quantum mechanics. Quantumfield theory --- Gauge fields (Physics) --- Grand unified theories (Nuclear physics) --- 530.1 --- Basic principles of physics --- Gauge fields (Physics). --- Grand unified theories (Nuclear physics). --- 530.1 Basic principles of physics --- Grand unification theories (Nuclear physics) --- GUT (Nuclear physics) --- Unification of fundamental particle interactions (Nuclear physics) --- Unified theories --- Nuclear reactions --- Supergravity --- Supersymmetry --- Unified field theories --- Fields, Gauge (Physics) --- Gage fields (Physics) --- Gauge theories (Physics) --- Field theory (Physics) --- Group theory --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Acqui 2006

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Antimatter, already conjectured by A. Schuster in 1898, was actually predicted by P.A.M. Dirac in the late 19-twenties in the negative-energy solutions of the Dirac equation. Its existence was subsequently confirmed via the Wilson chamber and became an established part of theoretical physics. Dirac soon discovered that particles with negative energy do not behave in a physically conventional manner, and he therefore developed his "hole theory". This restricted the study of antimatter to the sole level of second quantization. As a result antimatter created a scientific imbalance, because matter was treated at all levels of study, while antimatter was treated only at the level of second quantization. In search of a new mathematics for the resolution of this imbalance the author conceived what we know today as Santilli’s isodual mathematics, which permitted the construction of isodual classical mechanics, isodual quantization and isodual quantum mechanics. The scope of this monograph is to show that our classical, quantum and cosmological knowledge of antimatter is at its beginning with much yet to be discovered, and that a commitment to antimatter by experimentalists will be invaluable to antimatter science.

Antimatter. --- Antigravity. --- Grand unified theories (Nuclear physics) --- Cosmology. --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Grand unification theories (Nuclear physics) --- GUT (Nuclear physics) --- Unification of fundamental particle interactions (Nuclear physics) --- Unified theories --- Gauge fields (Physics) --- Nuclear reactions --- Supergravity --- Supersymmetry --- Unified field theories --- Gravitation --- Matter --- Properties --- Quantum theory. --- Nuclear physics. --- Astronomy. --- Quantum Physics. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Quantum physics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Astrophysics. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Ions --- Physical mathematics --- Mathematics