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Can the international community enable conditions for voluntary, safe and sustainable return of displaced people As conflict is key in the decision to leave and to return, this paper investigates whether the deployment of UN peacekeeping operations can reduce the insecurities driving displacement and delaying return. It explores the case of South Sudan, which hosts the second largest UN peace operation in the world. It combines information on peacekeepers' subnational deployment with data on individuals' intention to move and host communities' perceptions of returnees and internally displaced people (IDPs) using two surveys, one carried out between 2015 and 2017 and one in 2018. To mitigate concerns about non-random subnational assignment of peacekeepers, the paper exploits variations in the presence of previous infrastructures and information on the total supply of troops to African countries from each troop-contributing country. The paper finds that UN peacekeeping affects both the magnitude and the quality of return. Displaced people are more likely to return home if peacekeepers are deployed in their county of destination. At the same time, the local presence of peacekeepers mitigates host communities' negative perception of IDPs; they also enable the delivery of support to communities that seem to improve attitudes toward returnees and IDPs.
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Decades of conflict have contributed to high flows of internal displacement in Iraq. The incidence of these flows on the welfare of internally displaced persons is not well understood. This paper attempts to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the link between internal displacement and multidimensional poverty, using one of the most comprehensive household surveys for poverty analysis in Iraq. The results show crucial differences between internally displaced and non-displaced households with respect to multidimensional poverty. Furthermore, instrumental variable regression analysis suggests that the relationship is causal, that is, the probabilities of multidimensional and monetary poverty are higher because of internal displacement.
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Internally displaced persons --- Internally displaced persons --- Civil rights --- Violence against
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Return migration --- Internally displaced persons. --- Refugees.
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Forced displacement-defined as the displacement of refugees and internally displaced persons due to violence-has reached an unprecedented scale and global attention during the past few years, particularly in the aftermath of the Syrian refugee crisis in 2011 and the European Union's migration crisis in 2015. As this plight gained momentum, economics found itself unprepared to answer the basic questions surrounding refugees and internally displaced persons. Few economists or institutions were working on forced displacement. Economic theory or empirics had little to offer in articles published in journals. Data were scarce, unreliable, or inaccessible. Can economics rise to the challenge? Is the economics of forced displacement different from neoclassical economics? Can off-the-shelves models be used to study forced displaced populations? What is missing to do the economics of forced displacement? What are the data constraints that limit economists in this work? This paper provides a first nontechnical introduction to these topics. The paper argues that the modeling of utility, choice, risk, and information in a short-term setting is the key to address the problem. Neoclassical economics lacks some of the theoretical ingredients that are needed, but recent developments in game theory, neuroeconomics, and behavioral economics have opened new horizons that make the task of modeling forced displacement within reach. Empirics is clearly limited by the scarcity of quality data, but an example shows how welfare economists can start working with existing data. Economists have no excuse to maintain the status quo and should get on with the work on forced displacement.
Conflict --- Forced Displacement --- Internally Displaced Persons --- Refugees
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