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Following recent disarmament agreements, the Russian Federation and the USA have declared part of their stockpiles of weapons-grade plutonium as a surplus to their national defense needs. This material needs to be disposed of, and one of the suggested means of doing so is burning it in existing reactors and transforming the material into spent fuel. The experience in these two countries with mixed oxide fuel (MOX) is either dated or scarce. Several European countries and Japan, however, have acquired much experience in using MOX fuel in reactors which was shared at this important workshop. This publication presents the workshop results which reviewed existing technical information from the civil nuclear power programmes that are beneficial to weapons-grade plutonium disposition. It also proposes concrete actions that could help expedite this process in the near future.
Nuclear Energy --- Plutonium as fuel --- Radioactive waste disposal --- Mixed oxide fuels (Nuclear engineering) --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Nuclear Engineering --- France --- MOX (Nuclear fuels) --- Nuclear fuels --- Plutonium (Combustible) --- Déchets radioactifs --- MOX (Combustibles nucléaires) --- Congresses --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- Elimination
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Fuel burnup (Nuclear engineering) --- Congresses --- Radioactive waste disposal --- Combustion nucléaire --- Fuel burnup (Nuclear engineering). --- MOX (Combustibles nucléaires) --- Mixed oxide fuels (Nuclear engineering) --- Mixed oxide fuels (Nuclear engineering). --- Radioactive waste disposal. --- Nuclear fuels --- Plutonium --- Safety --- Uses
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Art --- art [discipline] --- Sten-Knudsen, Nina --- Baird, Vanessa --- Birkeland, Dag --- Ekstrand, Anna Maria --- Gislason, Olafur Sveinn --- Koch, Eva --- Kvium, Michael --- Larson, Mattias --- Mäkelä, Mox --- Rantanen, Mari --- Risberg, Roger --- Sundholm, Ann --- Thorgeirsdóttír, Brynhildur --- Thorsteinsson, Thorvaldur --- Uhrn, Terje --- anno 1900-1999 --- Europe: North --- Scandinavia and Iceland
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614.7 --- 620.9 --- Greenhouse gases --- -Energy facilities --- -Air quality management --- Air --- Air pollution control --- Air quality --- Control of air pollution --- Environmental protection --- Power resources --- GHGs (Greenhouse gases) --- Heat-trapping gases --- Gases --- Pollutie van lucht, water, grond--(openbare gezondheidszorg) --- Economics of energy in general --- Environmental aspects --- Pollution --- Control --- Management --- Air quality management. --- Energy facilities --- Environmental aspects. --- 620.9 Economics of energy in general --- Air quality management --- Factories --- ENVIRONMENTAL --- ENERGY --- OZONE --- Energy technologies --- MOX --- CH 4 --- GREENHOUSE EFFECT --- CO --- ENGINEERING --- GLOBAL CHANGE --- CO 2 --- N 2 O --- EMISSION --- CFC --- GASES --- Monograph --- Ozone. --- Engineering. --- Gases. --- Fluids --- Matter --- Gas laws (Physical chemistry) --- Pneumatics --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Chemical tests and reagents --- Oxygen --- Properties
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Materials play a very important role in the technological development of a society. As a consequence, the continuous demand for more advanced and sophisticated applications is closely linked to the availability of innovative materials. Although aspects related to the study, the synthesis and the applications of materials are of interdisciplinary interest, in the last few years, great attention has been paid to the development of advanced materials for environmental preservation and sustainable energy technologies, such as gaseous pollutant monitoring, waste water treatment, catalysis, carbon dioxide valorization, green fuel production, energy saving, water adsorption and clean technologies. This Special Issue aims at covering the current design, synthesis and characterization of innovative advanced materials, as well as novel nanotechnologies able to offer promising solutions to the these pressing themes.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- anaerobic digestion --- anchovies --- biorefinery --- circular economy --- d-limonene --- granular activated carbon --- inhibition --- orange peel waste (OPW) --- hydrothermal carbonization --- hydrochar --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) --- furfural (FU) --- levulinic acid (LA) --- nanomaterials --- MOS --- resistive sensor --- tin oxide --- fermentation --- diacetyl --- lithium chloride hydrate --- composite foam --- deliquescence --- thermochemical storage --- in situ characterization --- ionic liquids --- heat storage --- thermal stability --- HRMAS NMR --- FTIR --- zinc oxide --- gas sensor --- hexanal --- 1-pentanol --- 1-octen-3-ol --- MOX --- plasmonic nanoparticles --- silicon solar cell --- graphene --- short-circuit current density --- open-circuit voltage --- power conversion efficiency --- n/a
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Photonics has had a decisive influence on recent scientific and technological achievements. It includes aspects of photon generation and photon–matter interaction. Although it finds many applications in the whole optical range of the wavelengths, most solutions operate in the visible and infrared range. Since the invention of the laser, a source of highly coherent optical radiation, optical measurements have become the perfect tool for highly precise and accurate measurements. Such measurements have the additional advantages of requiring no contact and a fast rate suitable for in-process metrology. However, their extreme precision is ultimately limited by, e.g., the noise of both lasers and photodetectors. The Special Issue of the Applied Science is devoted to the cutting-edge uses of optical sources, detectors, and optoelectronics systems in numerous fields of science and technology (e.g., industry, environment, healthcare, telecommunication, security, and space). The aim is to provide detail on state-of-the-art photonic technology for precision metrology and identify future developmental directions. This issue focuses on metrology principles and measurement instrumentation in optical technology to solve challenging engineering problems.
infrared thermometer --- mid-wave infrared --- indium arsenide antimony photodiode --- uncooled thermometer --- fibreoptic coupling --- chopper stabilised op-amp --- zero-drift pre-amplifier --- ammonia detection --- NH3 --- MOX sensors --- polymer sensors --- laser absorption spectroscopy --- CRDS --- CEAS --- MUPASS --- PAS --- HOT IR detectors --- HgCdTe --- P-i-N --- BLIP condition --- 2D material photodetectors --- colloidal quantum dot photodetectors --- low-light photodetectors --- fluorescence microscopy --- time-resolved fluorescence microscopy --- hybrid photodetector (HPD) --- single-molecule fluorescence detection --- fourier ptychography --- image classification --- deep learning --- neural network --- electro-optic modulator --- frequency modulation --- displacement measuring interferometer --- quantum cascade laser --- laser controller --- infrared modulator --- laser spectroscopy --- free space optics --- photonic metrology --- accuracy --- precision --- resolution --- FTIR --- absorption spectroscopy --- gas sensors --- optoelectronic sensors
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Micro and nano-electro-mechanical system (M/NEMS) devices constitute key technological building blocks to enable increased additional functionalities within Integrated Circuits (ICs) in the More-Than-Moore era, as described in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. The CMOS ICs and M/NEMS dies can be combined in the same package (SiP), or integrated within a single chip (SoC). In the SoC approach the M/NEMS devices are monolithically integrated together with CMOS circuitry allowing the development of compact and low-cost CMOS-M/NEMS devices for multiple applications (physical sensors, chemical sensors, biosensors, actuators, energy actuators, filters, mechanical relays, and others). On-chip CMOS electronics integration can overcome limitations related to the extremely low-level signals in sub-micrometer and nanometer scale electromechanical transducers enabling novel breakthrough applications. This Special Issue aims to gather high quality research contributions dealing with MEMS and NEMS devices monolithically integrated with CMOS, independently of the final application and fabrication approach adopted (MEMS-first, interleaved MEMS, MEMS-last or others).]
encapsulation --- n/a --- NEM memory switch --- magnetotransistor --- gas sensor --- nano-system array --- metal oxide (MOX) sensor --- capacitive pressure sensor --- real-time temperature compensation loop --- mechanical relays --- single-crystal silicon (SC-Si) --- MEMS relays --- MEMS --- oscillator --- micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) --- uncooled IR-bolometer --- microelectromechanical systems --- microbolometer --- programmable sustaining amplifier --- micro sensor --- CMOS-MEMS --- pierce oscillator --- MEMS resonators --- micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) --- resonator --- microhotplate --- NEMS --- application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) --- MEMS modelling --- magnetic field --- chopper instrumentation amplifier --- microresonators --- interface circuit --- Hall effect --- thermal detector --- temperature sensor --- infrared sensor --- CMOS–NEMS --- CMOS --- atomic force microscope --- MEMS switches --- stent --- micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors --- nano resonator --- silicon-on-insulator (SOI) --- MEMS-ASIC integration --- Sigma-Delta --- MEMS characterization --- high-Q capacitive accelerometer --- mass sensors --- M3D --- CMOS-NEMS
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Photonics has had a decisive influence on recent scientific and technological achievements. It includes aspects of photon generation and photon–matter interaction. Although it finds many applications in the whole optical range of the wavelengths, most solutions operate in the visible and infrared range. Since the invention of the laser, a source of highly coherent optical radiation, optical measurements have become the perfect tool for highly precise and accurate measurements. Such measurements have the additional advantages of requiring no contact and a fast rate suitable for in-process metrology. However, their extreme precision is ultimately limited by, e.g., the noise of both lasers and photodetectors. The Special Issue of the Applied Science is devoted to the cutting-edge uses of optical sources, detectors, and optoelectronics systems in numerous fields of science and technology (e.g., industry, environment, healthcare, telecommunication, security, and space). The aim is to provide detail on state-of-the-art photonic technology for precision metrology and identify future developmental directions. This issue focuses on metrology principles and measurement instrumentation in optical technology to solve challenging engineering problems.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- infrared thermometer --- mid-wave infrared --- indium arsenide antimony photodiode --- uncooled thermometer --- fibreoptic coupling --- chopper stabilised op-amp --- zero-drift pre-amplifier --- ammonia detection --- NH3 --- MOX sensors --- polymer sensors --- laser absorption spectroscopy --- CRDS --- CEAS --- MUPASS --- PAS --- HOT IR detectors --- HgCdTe --- P-i-N --- BLIP condition --- 2D material photodetectors --- colloidal quantum dot photodetectors --- low-light photodetectors --- fluorescence microscopy --- time-resolved fluorescence microscopy --- hybrid photodetector (HPD) --- single-molecule fluorescence detection --- fourier ptychography --- image classification --- deep learning --- neural network --- electro-optic modulator --- frequency modulation --- displacement measuring interferometer --- quantum cascade laser --- laser controller --- infrared modulator --- laser spectroscopy --- free space optics --- photonic metrology --- accuracy --- precision --- resolution --- FTIR --- absorption spectroscopy --- gas sensors --- optoelectronic sensors
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Photonics has had a decisive influence on recent scientific and technological achievements. It includes aspects of photon generation and photon–matter interaction. Although it finds many applications in the whole optical range of the wavelengths, most solutions operate in the visible and infrared range. Since the invention of the laser, a source of highly coherent optical radiation, optical measurements have become the perfect tool for highly precise and accurate measurements. Such measurements have the additional advantages of requiring no contact and a fast rate suitable for in-process metrology. However, their extreme precision is ultimately limited by, e.g., the noise of both lasers and photodetectors. The Special Issue of the Applied Science is devoted to the cutting-edge uses of optical sources, detectors, and optoelectronics systems in numerous fields of science and technology (e.g., industry, environment, healthcare, telecommunication, security, and space). The aim is to provide detail on state-of-the-art photonic technology for precision metrology and identify future developmental directions. This issue focuses on metrology principles and measurement instrumentation in optical technology to solve challenging engineering problems.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- infrared thermometer --- mid-wave infrared --- indium arsenide antimony photodiode --- uncooled thermometer --- fibreoptic coupling --- chopper stabilised op-amp --- zero-drift pre-amplifier --- ammonia detection --- NH3 --- MOX sensors --- polymer sensors --- laser absorption spectroscopy --- CRDS --- CEAS --- MUPASS --- PAS --- HOT IR detectors --- HgCdTe --- P-i-N --- BLIP condition --- 2D material photodetectors --- colloidal quantum dot photodetectors --- low-light photodetectors --- fluorescence microscopy --- time-resolved fluorescence microscopy --- hybrid photodetector (HPD) --- single-molecule fluorescence detection --- fourier ptychography --- image classification --- deep learning --- neural network --- electro-optic modulator --- frequency modulation --- displacement measuring interferometer --- quantum cascade laser --- laser controller --- infrared modulator --- laser spectroscopy --- free space optics --- photonic metrology --- accuracy --- precision --- resolution --- FTIR --- absorption spectroscopy --- gas sensors --- optoelectronic sensors
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a diverse group of carbon-based molecules that are volatile at ambient temperatures and are emitted by an organism as a result of metabolic processes of cells and associated microbiome. The qualitative and quantitative profile of VOCs in biological fluids can vary depending on the physiological changes. Therefore, the pattern of volatile metabolites may reflect the presence of several diseases. This has been intensively investigated in the last few decades, resulting in an increasing number of studies focused on new volatile biomarker discovery.This reprint aimed to summarize the recent findings related to VOCs detected in various biological fluids such as breath, urine and feces for biomedical applications. The content covers various topics, including but not limited to biomedical/medical application of VOC analysis, biomarker discovery, and novel approaches for sampling and analyzing VOCs.
Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- liquid–liquid extraction --- volatile compounds --- urine --- method optimization --- GC-MS --- 1H-NMR --- iron deficiency anaemia --- iron supplementation --- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) --- intestinal metabolome --- gut microbiome --- CDH --- microbiome --- VOCs --- spiroergometry --- outcome --- exhaled breath --- eNose --- smoking --- asthma --- COPD --- NTD-GC-MS --- breath --- lung cancer --- biomarkers --- volatile organic compounds --- urine analysis --- comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography --- kidney diseases --- urinary biomarkers --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- diagnosis --- headspace analysis --- untargeted analysis --- breath analysis --- cancer biomarkers --- volatolomics --- whole grain --- rye --- comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry --- dietary fiber --- e-nose --- electronic nose --- breathing rhythm --- mechanical ventilation --- anesthesia --- supplemental oxygen --- oxygen toxicity --- lipid peroxidation --- volatile aldehydes --- pentanal --- hexanal --- classification models --- dairy cows --- fecal headspace --- Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) --- paratuberculosis --- random forest --- stable air --- volatile organic compound (VOC) --- biomarker --- MCC–IMS --- ventilator-induced lung injury --- metabolome --- feces --- neonates --- fermentation --- protein --- carbohydrate --- short chain fatty acid --- metabolites --- volatile organic compound --- acute gastritis --- antibiotic treatment --- treatment dynamics: microbiota --- mid-infrared spectroscopy --- short-chain fatty acid --- alpha-keto acid --- Helicobacter pylori --- MOX sensors --- low sensing chamber volume --- calibration transfer --- standard samples --- piecewise direct standardization --- correlation alignment --- breath sampling --- pattern recognition
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