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In this book, George McClure examines the intellectual tradition of challenges to religious and literary authority in the early modern era. He explores the hidden history of unbelief through the lens of Momus, the Greek god of criticism and mockery. Surveying his revival in Italy, France, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, and England, McClure shows how Momus became a code for religious doubt in an age when such writings remained dangerous for authors. Momus ('Blame') emerged as a persistent and subversive critic of divine governance and, at times, divinity itself. As an emblem or as an epithet for agnosticism or atheism, he was invoked by writers such as Leon Battista Alberti, Anton Francesco Doni, Giordano Bruno, Luther, and possibly, in veiled form, by Milton in his depiction of Lucifer. The critic of gods also acted, in sometimes related fashion, as a critic of texts, leading the army of Moderns in Swift's Battle of the Books, and offering a heretical archetype for the literary critic.

Agnosticism --- Momus (Greek deity) --- Gods, Greek --- Atheism --- Belief and doubt --- Faith --- Free thought --- Skepticism --- Momos --- Momus --- Μωμος

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Italian literature --- Medieval Latin literature --- State, The --- Political science --- Etat --- Science politique --- Early works to 1800. --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Momus (Greek deity) in literature --- Early works to 1800 --- State [The ] --- State, The - Early works to 1800. --- Political science - Early works to 1800

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Art styles --- Artists --- Holloway, Evan --- Rosenzweig, Tal --- Jamie, Cameron --- Horn, Rebecca --- Islam, Runa --- Mwangi, Ingrid --- Hutter, Robert --- Baruchello, Gianfranco --- Sehgal, Tino --- Collins, Phil --- Meisner, Christine --- Bonvicini, Monica --- Breitz, Candice --- Huang, Yong Ping --- Marcellvs L --- Alimpiev, Victor --- Aoki, Ryoko --- Bechtle, Robert --- Ben-Ner, Guy --- Bove, Carol --- Bradford, Mark --- Buckingham, Matthew --- Bugaev, Sergei --- Cao Fei --- César, Filipa --- Chen Shaoxiong --- Cuevas, Ximena --- Beer, de, Sue --- Detanico, Angela --- Dubossarsky, Vladimir --- Fischer, Rob --- Frankovich, Alicia --- Gander, Ryan --- Greely, Hannah --- Guimarães, Cao --- Guyton, Wade --- Hayes, Sharon --- Heikes, Jay --- Hernández, Diango --- Hugonnier, Marine --- Hunter, Roddy --- Iannone, Dorothy --- Jackson, Matthew Day --- Jermolaewa, Anna --- Johnston, Daniel --- Jufit, Evgenij --- Jungen, Brian --- Koh, Terence --- Smithson, Robert --- Korina, Irina --- Kovanda, Jiří --- Lain, Rafael --- Lambie, Jim --- Janssens, Ann Veronica --- Lee, Tim --- Lislegaard, Ann --- Lopes, Jarbas --- Mamyschew-Monroe, Wladislaw --- Marepe --- Martin, Daria --- McCall, Anthony --- Medalla, David --- Nipper, Kelly --- Ochiai, Tam --- Okon, Yoshua --- Onofre, Joao --- Piene, Chloe --- Pieroth, Kirsten --- Poledna, Mathias --- Ragimov, Kerim --- Rama, Carol --- Ramo, Sara --- Robbio, Nicolás --- Rothschild, Eva --- Sadr Haghighian, Natascha --- Schinwald, Markus --- Schmidt, Michael --- Shimabuku, Michihiro --- Sibony, Gedi --- Sietsema, Paul --- Sonnenschein, Eliezer --- Takano, Aya --- Thomson, Mungo --- Tribe, Kerry --- Urquhart, Donald --- Vinogradov, Alexander --- Violette, Banks --- Brandenburg, von, Ulla --- Walker, Kelley --- Wang Jianwei --- Ward, Nari --- Wolfson, Jordan --- Xu Zhen --- Yang Fudong --- Zheng Guo Gu --- Allora and Calzadilla --- Momus --- Tanaka, Koki --- Graham, Dan --- Meireles, Cildo --- Bayrle, Thomas --- Gilbert and George --- Noland, Cady --- Ozawa, Tsuyoshi --- Baldessari, John --- Mik, Aernout --- Potrč, Marjetica --- Sturtevant, Elaine --- Malevitsj, Kasimir --- Kim, Sora --- Lassnig, Maria --- Solomons, Doron --- Gelitin --- Atelier Bow-Wow [Tokyo] --- anno 2000-2009 --- Africa

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Allora & Calzadilla ; Anderson, Dawolu Jabari ; Anger, Kenneth ; Angerame, Dominic ; Battle, Christina ; Benning, James ; Berger, Laurent P. ; Blakemore, Amy ; Bourque, Louise ; Bradford, Mark ; Brauntuch, Troy ; Burdin, Anthony ; Bureau of Inverse Technology ; Butler, George ; Carter ; Caycedo, Carolina ; Center for Land Use Interpretation ; Chan, Paul ; Cheatle, Lori ; Cohen, Ira ; Colen, Dan ; Collier, Anne ; Conrad, Tony ; Corporation, Bernadette ; Critical Art Ensemble ; Cyrus, Jamal ; Davis, Miles ; Deep Dish Television Network ; DeGiulio, Lucas ; Doig, Peter ; Donnelly, Trisha ; Durham, Jimmie ; Evans, Kenya ; Fischer, Urs ; Gatten, David ; Gibbons, Joe ; Gober, Robert ; Graf, Deva ; Graham, Dan ; Graham, Rodney ; Greely, Hannah ; Grotjahn, Mark ; Heikes, Jay ; Henry, Doug ; Huyghe, Pierre ; Iannone, Dorothy ; Jackson, Matthew Day ; Jamie, Cameron ; Japanther ; Jeremijenko, Natalie ; Johnston, Daniel ; Klahr, Lewis ; Koether, Jutta ; Lampert, Andrew ; Lapinski, Lisa ; Larner, Liz ; Liden, Hanna ; Liotta, Jeanne ; Losier, Marie ; Maier-Aichen, Florian ; Majoli, Monica ; Masnyj, Yuri ; Mason, T. Kelly ; McEwen, Adam ; Mead, Taylor ; Meckseper, Josephine ; Minter, Marilyn ; Momus ; Monahan, Matthew ; Munro, JP ; Negron, Jesus "Bubu" ; Newkirk, Kori ; Norsten, Todd ; O'Rourke, Jim ; Otabenga Jones & Associates ; Oursler, Tony ; Parrino, Steven ; Paschke, Ed ; Poledna, Mathias ; Pruitt, Robert A. ; Reeves, Jennifer ; Serra, Richard ; Sibony, Gedi ; Smith, Jennie ; Snow, Dash ; Snow, Michael ; Spaulings, Reena ; Stingel, Rudolf ; Strassheim, Angela ; Strauss, Zoe ; Studio Film Club ; Sturtevant, Elaine ; Sullivan, Billy ; Suvero, Mark di ; Sweeney, Spencer ; Thater, Diana ; Tiravanija, Rirkrit ; Trecartin, Ryan ; Vasell, Chris ; Vezzoli, Francesco ; etc.

Chrissie Iles and Philippe Vergne ; With Contributions by Toni Burlap, Johanna Burton, Bradley Eros [et al.] --- kunst --- Verenigde Staten --- twintigste eeuw --- eenentwintigste eeuw --- Whitney Biennial --- Allora Jennifer --- Calzadilla Guillermo --- Anderson Dawolu Jabari --- Anger Kenneth --- Angerame Dominic --- Battle Christina --- Benning James --- Bernadette Corporation --- Blakemore Amy --- Bourque Louise --- Bradford Mark --- Brauntuch Troy --- Burdin Anthony --- Butler George --- Carter --- Caycedo Carolina --- Center for Land Use Interpretation --- Chan Paul --- Cheatle Lori --- Wright Daisy --- Cohen Ira --- Colburn Martha --- Colen Dan --- Collier Anne --- Conrad Tony --- Critical Art Ensemble --- Cyrus Jamal --- Davis Miles --- Deep Dish Television Network --- DeGiulio Lucas --- di Suvero Mark --- Tiravanija Rirkrit --- Doig Peter --- Donnelly Trisha --- Durham Jimmie --- Evans Kenya --- Fischer Urs --- Gatten David --- Gibbons Joe --- Gober Robert --- Graf Deva --- Graham Dan --- Oursler Tony --- Graham Rodney --- Berger Laurent P. --- Japanther --- Greely Hannah --- Grotjahn Mark --- Heikes Jay --- Henry Doug --- Huyghe Pierre --- Iannone Dorothy --- Jackson Matthew Day --- Jamie Cameron --- Jeremijenko Natalie --- Bureau of Inverse Technology --- Johnston Daniel --- Klahr Lewis --- Koether Jutta --- Lampert Andrew --- Lapinski Lisa --- Larner Lisa --- Larner Liz --- Liden Hanna --- Liotta Jeanne --- Losier Marie --- Maier-Aichen Florian --- Majoli Monica --- Masnyj Yuri --- Mason T. Kelly --- Thater Diana --- McEwen Adam --- Mead Taylor --- Meckseper Josephine --- Minter Marilyn --- Momus --- Monahan Matthew --- Munro JP --- Negron Jesus "Bubu" --- Newkirk Kori --- Norsten Todd --- O'Rourke Jim --- Jones Otabenga & Associates --- Parrino Steven --- Paschke Ed --- Poledna Mathias --- Pruitt Robert A. --- Reeves Jennifer --- Serra Richard --- Sibony Gedi --- Smith Jennie --- Snow Dash --- Snow Michael --- Spaulings Reena --- Stingel Rudolf --- Strassheim Angela --- Strauss ZoeStudio Film Club --- Sturtevant --- Sullivan Billy --- Sweeney Spencer --- Trecartin Ryan --- Vasell Chris --- Vezzoli Francesco --- Walker Kelley --- Ward Nari --- Williams Christopher --- Wolfson Jordan --- Wrong Gallery --- Young Aaron --- 7.039 --- Berger Laurent P --- Pruitt Robert A