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Profitant d'une période de renouveau politico-économique, la Russie a entrepris de reprendre pied dans l'espace post-soviétique qu'elle définit désormais comme son étranger proche. Dans le même temps, l'Occident a procédé à l'élargissement des structures euroatlantiques à l ensemble des ex-démocraties populaires ainsi qu'aux pays baltes. Désormais, les États-Unis cherchent à contrecarrer tout retour de la Russie dans l'espace post-soviétique en s'appuyant notamment sur les forces nationalistes anti-russes (Ukraine, Géorgie...). D'autres acteurs, tels la Chine en Asie centrale, la Turquie et l'Iran dans le Caucase, s'impliquent de plus en plus activement dans ce nouveau « Grand Jeu ». Mais au-delà des crises plus ou moins spectaculaires qui secouent l'espace post-soviétique, il s'agit de déterminer si la Russie a encore les moyens d'y maintenir sa prééminence, ou bien si elle devra au contraire assister à son démembrement progressif au profit d autres aires géopolitiques. Cet ouvrage analyse les relations entre la Russie et son étranger proche au travers de quatre Aaspects majeurs : les fondements géohistoriques de la puissance russe, les structures d'intégration régionales (Communauté eurasiatique, Union russo-biélorusse, GUAM...), la géopolitique des hydrocarbures (l'enjeu des routes d'exportation), la géopolitique de la langue russe. Il évalue les atouts et les faiblesses de la puissance russe dans un espace post-soviétique en pleine recomposition.

Geopolitics --- Russia (Federation) --- Foreign relations --- Géopolitique --- Pays de la CEI --- Politique et gouvernement --- Conditions économiques --- Politique et gouvernement. --- Conditions économiques. --- Geopolitics - Russia (Federation) --- Russia (Federation) - Foreign relations

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History of Eastern Europe --- Russian Federation --- Caractère national russe --- Communauté des États indépendants --- Pays de la CEI --- Russie --- Conditions sociales --- Politique et gouvernement --- Russia --- History --- 1917 --- -Russia --- 1991 --- -Nationalism --- Nationalism --- Russia (Federation) --- National characteristics [Russian ] --- Caractère national russe. --- Pays de la CEI. --- Communauté des États indépendants. --- Caractère national russe. --- Communauté des États indépendants.

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Etude du politologue sur les éléments historiques, politiques et culturels qui participent ou freinent le développement de l'Etat de droit dans les pays de la CEI concernés par la politique européenne de voisinage de l'Union européenne. ©Electre 2015

Primauté du droit --- Politique européenne de voisinage --- Pays de la CEI --- Politique et gouvernement --- Politique européenne de voisinagePays de la CEIPolitique et gouvernement --- Primauté du droit --- Politique européenne de voisinage --- Rule of law --- Europe --- Russia (Federation) --- Relations --- Rule of law - Europe --- Rule of law - Russia (Federation) --- Europe - Relations - Russia (Federation) --- Russia (Federation) - Relations - Europe

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Nous savons aujourd’hui ce qu’était réellement le communisme et comment il s’est propagé à travers toute la planète, mais le problème de sa signification historique demeure entier. Pourtant la tragédie qu’il a provoquée a quelque chose à nous dire sur nous-mêmes et sur le monde dans lequel nous vivons. Il s’agit ici de déchiffrer le sens de ce message : de montrer que le communisme a été la dernière ligne de défense des sociétés agraires traditionnelles face au défi de la société individualiste moderne. À ce titre, l’apparition du communisme représenterait le prix que le monde a dû payer pour passer le cap de la modernité. Mais la crise mondiale qui l’a fait naître a-t-elle pour autant disparu avec lui ?

Communisme. --- Changement (sociologie) --- Communism --- Aspect politique. --- URSS --- Soviet Union --- Politique et gouvernement --- Politics and government. --- Bolshevism --- Changement culturel --- Changement socioculturel --- Crises sociales --- Transformations sociales --- (sociologie) --- Bolchevisme --- Communisme international --- Et le communisme --- Léninisme --- Péril rouge (mythe) --- Soiouz Sovetskikh sotsialistitcheskikh respoublik --- Sojuz Sovetskih Socialističeskih Respublik --- SSSR --- Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques --- Union soviétique --- Ex-URSS --- Pays de la CEI --- Russie --- Asie --- Europe --- Politics and government --- Civilisation --- Conditions économiques --- Conditions sociales --- Histoire --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Relations extérieures --- Vie intellectuelle --- Divisions politiques et administratives --- Innovation sociale --- Différenciation sociale --- Évolution sociale --- Imitation sociale --- Progrès --- Constructivisme (sociologie) --- Décivilisation --- Diffusion de la culture --- Innovation --- Histoire sociale --- Sociologie --- histoire --- modernité --- communisme --- marxisme --- Anticommunisme --- Communautés rurales --- Totalitarisme --- Communisme et relations amoureuses --- Communisme et sports --- Communistes --- Marxisme --- Nationalisme et communisme --- Postcommunisme --- Socialisme --- Aide économique communiste --- Babouvisme --- Communisme et sionisme --- Communisme municipal --- Démocratie populaire --- Déstalinisation --- Dictature du prolétariat --- Éducation communiste --- Espionnage communiste --- Eurocommunisme --- Femmes et communisme --- Gauchisme --- Centralisme démocratique --- Leadership communiste --- Maoïsme --- Morale communiste --- Néo-babouvisme --- Partis communistes --- Procès communistes --- Propagande communiste --- Révisionnisme communiste --- Société communiste --- Stalinisme --- Communisation --- Stratégie communiste --- Syndicats et communisme --- Trotskisme --- Communisme et agriculture --- Communisme et culture --- Communisme et médias --- Communisme et relations internationales --- Communisme et religion --- Communisme et sexualité --- Collectivisme --- Idées politiques

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Why did the Soviet Union squander the political leverage afforded by its trade subsidy to Eastern Europe? Why did Soviet officials fail to bargain with resolve, to link subsidies to salient political issues, to make credible commitments, and to monitor the satellites' policies? Using an unprecedented array of formerly secret documents housed in archives in Moscow, Warsaw, and Prague, as well as interviews with former Communist officials across Eastern Europe, Randall Stone answers these questions and others that have long vexed Western political scientists. Stone argues that trade politics revolved around the incentives created by distorted prices. The East European satellites profited by trading on the margin between prices on the Western market and those in the Soviet bloc. The Soviet Union made numerous attempts to reduce its implicit trade subsidy and increase the efficiency of the bloc, but the satellites managed consistently to outmaneuver Soviet negotiators. Stone demonstrates how the East Europeans artfully resisted Soviet objectives. Stone draws upon recent developments in bargaining and principal-agent theory, arguing that the incentives created by domestic institutions weakened Soviet bargaining strategies. In effect, he suggests, perverse incentive structures in the Soviet economy were exported into Soviet foreign policy. Furthermore, Stone argues, incentives to smother information were so deeply entrenched that they frustrated numerous attempts to reform Soviet institutions.

Trade adjustment assistance --- 815 Geschiedenis --- 830 Economie --- 831.1 Handelspolitiek --- 836 (Multi-)nationale ondernemingen --- 841 Politiek Bestel --- 841.5 Bestuur en beleid --- 884.1 Oost-Europa --- Adjustment assistance, Trade --- Domestic adjustment assistance --- Europe, Eastern --- East Europe --- Eastern Europe --- Foreign economic relations --- Foreign relations --- Commercial policy --- Economic assistance, Domestic --- Foreign trade and employment --- Manpower policy --- Subsidies --- relations internationales --- relations economiques internationales --- Aide à l'ajustement de la commercialisation --- URSS --- Europe de l'Est --- Pologne --- Hongrie --- Tchecoslovaquie --- Relations economiques exterieures --- Politique economique --- Accountability. --- Accounting. --- Adverse selection. --- Adviser. --- Balance of trade. --- Bargaining power. --- Behalf. --- Bilateral trade. --- Capitalism. --- Case study. --- Central Committee. --- Chairman. --- Comecon. --- Commodity. --- Consideration. --- Construction. --- Consumer Goods. --- Credibility. --- Currency. --- Czechoslovakia. --- Debt. --- East Germany. --- Eastern Bloc. --- Eastern Europe. --- Economic development. --- Economic integration. --- Economic planning. --- Economic policy. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy of Poland. --- Economy of the Soviet Union. --- Economy. --- Employment. --- Exchange rate. --- Export. --- Foreign direct investment. --- Foreign policy. --- Gosplan. --- Government budget. --- Grand strategy. --- Hard currency. --- Ideology. --- Implementation. --- Incentive. --- Information asymmetry. --- Institution. --- International Monetary Fund. --- International relations. --- Investment. --- Iron ore. --- Joint venture. --- Liberalization. --- Market price. --- Mikhail Gorbachev. --- Multilateralism. --- Negotiation. --- Nikolai Baibakov. --- Obstacle. --- Payment. --- Perestroika. --- Perverse incentive. --- Planned economy. --- Planning Commission (India). --- Planning. --- Policy. --- Politburo. --- Politics. --- Position paper. --- Pricing. --- Principal–agent problem. --- Proclamation. --- Productive capacity. --- Quality control. --- Quantity. --- Raw material. --- Receipt. --- Regulation. --- Requirement. --- Research and development. --- Ruble. --- Scarcity. --- Second World. --- Shortage. --- Socialist economics. --- Socialist state. --- Soviet Union. --- Strategy. --- Subsidy. --- Supply (economics). --- Supply and demand. --- Tax. --- Technical progress (economics). --- Technology. --- Trade-off. --- Treaty. --- Uncertainty. --- Wojciech Jaruzelski. --- Working group. --- World economy. --- Советский Союз --- Ber. ha-M. --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- ZSRR --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich --- ZSRS --- Szovjetunió --- TSRS --- Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga --- SRSR --- Soi︠u︡z Radi︠a︡nsʹkykh Sot︠s︡ialistychnykh Respublik --- SSSR --- Soi︠u︡z Sovetskikh Sot︠s︡ialisticheskikh Respublik --- UdSSR --- Shūravī --- Ittiḥād-i Jamāhīr-i Ishtirākīyah-i Shūrāʼīyah --- Russia (1923- U.S.S.R.) --- Sovetskiy Soyuz --- Soyuz SSR --- Sovetskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Soi︠u︡z SSR --- Uni Sovjet --- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- USSR --- SSṚM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Ṛespublikaneri Miutʻyun --- SSHM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun --- Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas --- Berit ha-Moʻatsot --- Rusyah --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyītī --- Rusiyah --- Rusland --- Soṿet-Rusland --- Uni Soviet --- Union soviétique --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Uls --- Związek Radziecki --- ESSD --- Sahaphāp Sōwīat --- KhSHM --- SSR Kavširi --- Russland --- SNTL --- PSRS --- Su-lien --- Sobhieṭ Ẏuniẏana --- FSSR --- Unione Sovietica --- Ittiḥād-i Shūravī --- Soviyat Yūniyan --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Č.S.R. --- C.S.R.S. --- Č.S.S.R. --- Cecoslovacchia --- Ceho-Slovacia --- Čehoslovakija --- Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika --- Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika --- Češkoslovaška --- Československa republika --- Československá socialistická republika --- Československo --- Checoslovaquia --- Chekhoslovakii︠a︡ --- Chekhoslovat︠s︡kai︠a︡ Sot︠s︡ialisticheskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Chieh-kʻo-ssu-lo-fa-kʻo --- Chieh-kʻo-ssu-lo-fa-kʻo she hui chu i kung ho kuo --- ChSFR --- ChSSR --- Cseh-Szlovákia --- Csehszlovákia --- ČSFR --- ČSR --- CSRS --- ČSSR --- Czech and Slovak Federal Republic --- Czecho-Slovakia --- Czechoslovak Socialist Republic --- Czechosłowacja --- Republika československa --- Tchécoslovaquie --- Tschechische Sozialistische Republik --- Tschechoslowakei --- Tsechoslobakia --- Tsechoslovakia --- Ts'ekhoslovaḳyah --- Tshīkūslūfākiyā --- Tsjechoslowakije --- Tsjekkoslovakia --- Czech Republic --- Slovakia --- Dēmokratia tēs Oungarias --- Gweriniaeth Hwngari --- Hanekeria --- Hangarī --- Hongaarse Republiek --- Hongaria --- Hongarije --- Hongarye --- Hŏnggari --- Hongria --- Honharije --- Hunakalia --- Hungara Respubliko --- Hungari --- Hungaria --- Hungariako Errepublika --- Hungarian Republic --- Hungariar Errepublika --- Hungario --- Hungarujo --- Hungaryah --- Hungría --- Hungrii --- Hwngari --- Jamhuri ya Hungaria --- Lepulika o Hungary --- Lýðveldið Ungverjaland --- Macaristan --- Macaristan Cumhuriyeti --- Macarıstan Respublikası --- Mađarska --- Mad̕arská republika --- Maďarsko --- Madi︠a︡rshchyna --- Madjaristan --- Madžarska --- Madźary --- Madzhar --- Madzhar Respublika --- Magyar Köztársaság (Republic) --- Magyar Népköztársaság --- Magyar Republic --- Magyar Tanácsköztársaság --- Magyarország (Republic) --- Majarstan Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Majoriston --- Mazharstan --- Mazharstan Respublikasy --- Ohorsʹka Respublika --- Ongaria --- Ongiri --- Ongria --- Oonguri --- Oungaria --- Oгорська Республіка --- Pobblaght ny h-Ungaar --- Poblacht na hUngáire --- Republic of Hungary --- República da Hungria --- República de Hungría --- República d'Hongria --- Republica d'Ongria --- Republica Ungară --- Republica Ungaria --- Republica Ungrese --- Republiek van Hongarye --- Republik bu Oonguri --- Republik Hongaria --- Republik Ungarn --- Republika e Hungarisë --- Republika Mađarska --- Republika Madžarska --- Republika ng Unggarya --- Republika Ungarija --- Republika Węgierska --- Republikang Unggaro --- Republiken Ungern --- Republikken Ungarn --- République de Hongrie --- Repúvlika de Madjaristan --- Respublica Hungarica --- Tjóðveldið Ungarn --- Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl Hungria --- Uhorshchyna --- Uhorsʹka Respublika --- Ungaar --- Ungaïa --- Ungáir --- Ungar --- Ungari --- Ungari Vabariik --- Ungaria --- Ungarii︠a︡ --- Ungārija --- Ungārijas Republika --- Ungarn --- Ungarskata republika --- Ungerija --- Ungern --- Unggarya --- Unggriya --- Ungheria --- Unghirìa --- Ungri --- Ungverjaland --- Unkari --- Unkarin tasavalta --- V.N.R. --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Vengrėjė --- Vengrėjės Respoblėka --- Vengrii︠a︡ --- Vengrii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Vengrija --- Vengrijos respublika --- Vengriya --- Vengriya Respublikasi --- Venhryi︠a︡ --- VNR --- Węgry --- Xiongyali --- Xiongyali gong he guo --- Xiongyali Gongheguo --- Ουγγαρία --- Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας --- Република Унгарија --- Република Мађарска --- Унгар --- Унгарската република --- Унгария --- Унгарија --- Угорська Республіка --- Угорщина --- Мажарстан --- Мажарстан Республикасы --- Мађарска --- Мадярщина --- Маджар --- Маджар Республика --- Венгрыя --- Венгрия --- Венгрия Республикасы --- Венгерская Республика --- אונגארן --- רפובליקא דא מאגיאדיסטאן --- מאגיאדיסטאן --- הונגריה --- ハンガリー --- 匈牙利 --- 匈牙利共和國 --- 헝가리 --- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy --- Poyln --- Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa --- Polʹsha --- P.N.R. --- P.R.L. --- Polish Commonwealth --- Polonia --- Warsaw (Duchy) --- Polska --- Polsko --- T︠S︡arstvo Polʹskoe --- Królestwo Polskie --- Polʹskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- PNR --- PRL --- Poljska --- Lehastan --- Polin --- Būlūniyā --- Polonyah --- République populaire de Pologne --- Polen --- Ppolsŭkka --- Polish People's Republic --- Republic of Poland --- Poland (Territory under German occupation, 1939-1945) --- Generalgouvernement (Poland) --- Generalne Gubernatorstwo (Poland) --- General Government (Poland) --- Heneralʹna hubernii︠a︡ (Poland) --- Rzeczpospolita Polska --- Polish Republic --- Congress Kingdom of Poland --- Congress Poland --- Królestwo Kongresowe Polskie --- Kongresówka --- Kingdom of Poland --- Lahistān --- لهستان --- Polandia --- Полшэ --- Polshė --- Pole --- Republiek van Pole --- Republik Pole --- Polaland --- Polisce Cynewise --- Полша --- Полониа --- بولندا --- Būlandā --- Polóña --- Tavakuairetã Polóña --- Польша --- Puluña --- Ripublika Puluña --- Polşa --- Polşa Respublikası --- Pulandia --- Ripublik Pulandia --- Pho-lân --- Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok --- Польшча --- Polʹshcha --- Рэспубліка Польшча --- Rėspublika Polʹshcha --- Polonya --- Република Полша --- Republika Polsha --- Poin --- Republika Poljska --- Польшо --- Polʹsho --- Bu̇gėdė Naĭramdakha Polʹsho Ulas --- Polská republika --- Polaki --- Gwlad Pwyl --- Gweriniaeth Gwlad Pwyl --- Republikken Polen --- Republik Polen --- Poola --- Poola Vabariik --- Πολωνία --- Pulógna --- Польша Мастор --- Polʹsha Mastor --- República de Polonia --- Pollando --- Respubliko Pollando --- Repúbrica de Poloña --- Poloniako Errepublika --- Pólland --- République de Pologne --- Poalen --- Poloonya --- Polonie --- An Pholainn --- Pholainn --- Poblacht na Polainne --- Yn Pholynn --- Pholynn --- Pobblaght ny Polynn --- A' Phòlainn --- Poblachd na Pòlainn --- Borandi --- Pô-làn --- Польшин Орн --- Polʹshin Orn --- 폴란드 --- P'ollandŭ --- Pōlani --- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth --- Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania --- Commonwealth of Poland --- Lehastani Hanrapetutʻyun --- Польшæ --- Polʹshæ --- Польшæйы Республикæ --- Polʹshæĭy Respublikæ --- IPoland --- IPolandi --- Lýðveldið Pólland --- Repubblica di Polonia --- פולין --- רפובליקת פולין --- Republiḳat Polin --- Poleni --- Kunngiitsuuffik Poleni --- Pòlskô Repùblika --- Poloni --- Polonye --- Polòy --- Puoleja --- Puolejis Republika --- Polija --- Polijas Republika --- Lenkija --- Lenkijos Respublika --- Polsca --- Republica de Polsca --- Pol'šu --- Polskas --- Bupoolo --- Bupolska --- Ripablik kya Bupoolo --- Lengyelország --- Lengyel Köztársaság --- General Government for Occupied Polish Territories --- Lithuania (Grand Duchy) --- BNUU --- БНУУ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Ungar Uls --- Ajustement de la commercialisation, Aide à l' --- Commerce international et emploi --- Politique de l'emploi --- Subventions --- Commerce extérieur --- Aide au développement économique régional --- Politique commerciale --- Politique industrielle --- Droit --- Soiouz Sovetskikh sotsialistitcheskikh respoublik --- Sojuz Sovetskih Socialističeskih Respublik --- Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques --- Union soviétique --- Ex-URSS --- Pays de la CEI --- Russie --- Asie --- Europe --- Československo --- République tchèque --- Slovaquie --- Magyarország --- Autriche-Hongrie --- Alföld (Hongrie) --- Europe du Centre-Est --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Opinion publique polonaise --- Pays slaves --- Groupe de Visegrad --- Civilisation --- Conditions économiques --- Conditions sociales --- Histoire --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Politique et gouvernement --- Relations extérieures --- Vie intellectuelle --- Divisions politiques et administratives --- Antiquités --- Étude et enseignement --- Frontières