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An invaluable reflection on the essence of liberal democracy-and an ideal introduction to the work of political philosopher Raymond AronLiberty and Equality is the first English translation of the last lecture delivered at the Collège de France by Raymond Aron, one of the most influential political and social thinkers of the twentieth century. In this important work, the most prominent French liberal intellectual of the Cold War era presents his views on the core values of liberal democracy: liberty and equality. At the same time, he provides an ideal introduction to key aspects of his thought.Ranging from Soviet ideology to Watergate, Aron reflects on root concepts of democracy and representative government, articulates a notion of liberty or freedom as equal right as distinct from equal outcome, and discusses different kinds of liberties: personal, political, religious, and social. In search of a common truth or at least a common good, and analyzing what he perceives as the crisis of liberal democracies, Aron opens a space for reexamining the relation between liberty and equality.

Democracy --- Equality --- Liberty --- Representative government and representation --- Philosophy. --- Cold War. --- Conservatism. --- Democratic Theory. --- Equality. --- French Thought. --- French political thought. --- History of Political Thought. --- Liberalism. --- Liberty. --- Mark Lilla. --- Pierre Manent. --- Political Philosophy. --- Political Theory. --- Raymond Aron. --- Social Democracy.

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The first in-depth account of the historic diplomatic agreement that served as a blueprint for ending the Cold WarThe Helsinki Final Act was a watershed of the Cold War. Signed by thirty-five European and North American leaders at a summit in Finland in the summer of 1975, the agreement presented a vision for peace based on common principles and cooperation across the Iron Curtain. The Final Act is the first in-depth account of the diplomatic saga that produced this historic agreement. Drawing on research in eight countries and multiple languages, this gripping book explains the Final Act's emergence from the parallel crises of the Soviet bloc and the West during the 1960s, the strategies of the major players, and the conflicting designs for international order that animated the negotiations.Helsinki had originally been a Soviet idea. But after nearly three years of grinding negotiations, the Final Act reflected liberal democratic ideals more than communist ones. It rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine, provided for German reunification, endorsed human rights as a core principle of international security, committed countries to greater transparency in economic and military affairs, and promoted the freer movement of people and information across borders. Instead of restoring the legitimacy of the Soviet bloc, Helsinki established principles that undermined it.The definitive history of the origins and legacy of this important agreement, The Final Act shows how it served as a blueprint for ending the Cold War, and how, when that conflict finally came to a close, the great powers established a new international order based on Helsinki's enduring principles.

Cold War --- History. --- Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe --- Activism. --- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. --- Allies of World War II. --- Anatoly. --- Andrei Gromyko. --- Andrei Sakharov. --- Brezhnev Doctrine. --- Capitalism. --- Capitalist state. --- Central Committee. --- Citizenship. --- Cold War. --- Comecon. --- Communism. --- Communist propaganda. --- Communist state. --- Containment. --- Criticism. --- Czechoslovakia. --- De facto. --- Dictatorship. --- Disarmament. --- Dissident. --- Domestic policy. --- East Germany. --- Eastern Bloc. --- Eastern Europe. --- Edward Gierek. --- Erich Honecker. --- Europe. --- European Economic Community. --- European integration. --- Federal republic. --- Foreign policy. --- Fredrik Logevall. --- Georges Pompidou. --- German reunification. --- Grand strategy. --- Great power. --- Hans-Dietrich Genscher. --- Henry Kissinger. --- Ideology. --- Imperialism. --- Interdependence. --- International law. --- International relations. --- International security. --- Jay Winter. --- John Lewis Gaddis. --- Leninism. --- Leonid Brezhnev. --- Marxism–Leninism. --- Mikhail Gorbachev. --- Mikhail Suslov. --- Molly Worthen. --- Moral high ground. --- NATO. --- National security. --- Nikita Khrushchev. --- Non-interventionism. --- Nuclear warfare. --- Obstacle. --- Ostpolitik. --- Peaceful coexistence. --- Politburo. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Prague Spring. --- Precedent. --- Princeton University Press. --- Proletarian internationalism. --- Racism. --- Raymond Aron. --- Revanchism. --- Richard Nixon. --- Robert Bothwell. --- Romanians. --- Russians. --- Self-determination. --- Sino-Soviet split. --- Skepticism. --- Social democracy. --- Socialist state. --- Sovereignty. --- Soviet Union. --- Soviet Union–United States relations. --- Soviet people. --- Stalinism. --- Treaty. --- United States Department of State. --- Urho Kekkonen. --- Walter Ulbricht. --- Warsaw Pact. --- West Berlin. --- West Germany. --- Western Europe. --- Western world. --- Westphalian sovereignty. --- Willy Brandt. --- World history.

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