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When the Bolsheviks set out to build a new world in the wake of the Russian Revolution, they expected religion to die off. Soviet power used a variety of tools--from education to propaganda to terror-to turn its vision of a Communist world without religion into reality. Yet even with its monopoly on ideology and power, the Soviet Communist Party never succeeded in overcoming religion and creating an atheist society.A Sacred Space Is Never Empty presents the first history of Soviet atheism from the 1917 revolution to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Drawing on a wealth of archival material and in-depth interviews with those who were on the front lines of Communist ideological campaigns, Victoria Smolkin argues that to understand the Soviet experiment, we must make sense of Soviet atheism. Smolkin shows how atheism was reimagined as an alternative cosmology with its own set of positive beliefs, practices, and spiritual commitments. Through its engagements with religion, the Soviet leadership realized that removing religion from the "sacred spaces" of Soviet life was not enough. Then, in the final years of the Soviet experiment, Mikhail Gorbachev-in a stunning and unexpected reversal-abandoned atheism and reintroduced religion into Soviet public life.A Sacred Space Is Never Empty explores the meaning of atheism for religious life, for Communist ideology, and for Soviet politics.

Atheism --- Communism and religion. --- History --- 1900-1999 --- Soviet Union --- Soviet Union. --- Religion. --- Bolshevik Revolution. --- Bolsheviks. --- Bureau for the Registration of Acts of Civil Status. --- Cathedral of Christ the Savior. --- Hundred Days campaign. --- Institute of Scientific Atheism. --- Joseph Stalin. --- Komsomol. --- Marxism-Leninism. --- Mikhail Gorbachev. --- Moscow Planetarium. --- Nikita Khrushchev. --- Penza project. --- Russian Orthodox Church. --- Russian Revolution. --- Science and Religion. --- Soviet Communism. --- Soviet Communist Party. --- Soviet atheism. --- Soviet life. --- Soviet secularization. --- Soviet space programs. --- Vladimir Lenin. --- Znanie. --- antireligious propaganda. --- atheism. --- atheist propaganda. --- authority. --- byt. --- class morality. --- cosmonauts. --- creative intelligentsia. --- de-Stalinization. --- emotions. --- families. --- lectures. --- marriage rites. --- militant atheism. --- perestroika. --- political power. --- politics. --- propaganda. --- public life. --- religion. --- religiosity. --- religious life. --- religious modernization. --- religious rites. --- sacralization. --- sacred spaces. --- scientific atheism. --- scientific enlightenment. --- scientific materialism. --- secularization. --- social sciences. --- socialist rituals. --- spiritual consumerism. --- spiritual culture. --- spiritual transformation. --- worldview. --- youth.

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G. A. Cohen was one of the leading political philosophers of recent times. He first came to wide attention in 1978 with the prize-winning book Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence. In subsequent decades his published writings largely turned away from the history of philosophy, focusing instead on equality, freedom, and justice. However, throughout his career he regularly lectured on a wide range of moral and political philosophers of the past. This volume collects these previously unpublished lectures. Starting with a chapter centered on Plato, but also discussing the pre-Socratics as well as Aristotle, the book moves to social contract theory as discussed by Hobbes, Locke, and Hume, and then continues with chapters on Kant, Hegel, and Nietzsche. The book also contains some previously published but uncollected papers on Marx, Hobbes, and Kant, among other figures. The collection concludes with a memoir of Cohen written by the volume editor, Jonathan Wolff, who was a student of Cohen's. A hallmark of the lectures is Cohen's engagement with the thinkers he discusses. Rather than simply trying to render their thought accessible to the modern reader, he tests whether their arguments and positions are clear, sound, and free from contradiction. Throughout, he homes in on central issues and provides fresh approaches to the philosophers he examines. Ultimately, these lectures teach us not only about some of the great thinkers in the history of moral and political philosophy, but also about one of the great thinkers of our time: Cohen himself.

Political science --- Ethics --- Philosophy --- History. --- Absolute Idealism. --- Allen W. Wood. --- Aristotle. --- Beyond Good and Evil. --- Christine Korsgaard. --- David Hume. --- Friedrich Nietzsche. --- G. A. Cohen. --- G. W. F. Hegel. --- Immanuel Kant. --- Jewishness. --- John Locke. --- Jon Elster. --- Karl Marx. --- Leviathan. --- Marxism. --- Phenomenology of Spirit. --- Plato. --- Reinhold Niebuhr. --- Republic. --- Richard Peters. --- Second Treatise of Government. --- Socrates. --- Sophism. --- Soviet Communism. --- The Genealogy of Morals. --- The Holy Family. --- Theory of History. --- Thomas Hobbes. --- alienation. --- analytical philosophy. --- authoritarianism. --- authority. --- bourgeoisie. --- capitalism. --- capitalist society. --- capitalist. --- competition. --- consent. --- convention. --- diffidence. --- equality. --- ethics. --- evil. --- faith. --- freedom. --- functional explanation. --- game theory. --- glory. --- good. --- government. --- governmental authority. --- health. --- historical materialism. --- human essence. --- human nature. --- humanity. --- justice. --- knowledge. --- legitimacy. --- legitimate government. --- liberalism. --- master. --- mens sana. --- mind. --- moral behavior. --- moral law. --- moral philosophy. --- morality. --- motivation. --- nature. --- obedience. --- obligation. --- philosophical materialism. --- philosophy. --- political obligation. --- political philosophy. --- power. --- private property. --- proletarian. --- proletariat. --- property. --- reason. --- self-estrangement. --- self-ownership. --- self-realization. --- slave. --- social analysis. --- social contract theory. --- socialism. --- socialist revolution. --- soul. --- state of nature. --- state of war. --- subject. --- suffering. --- theory of history. --- totalitarianism. --- virtue. --- worker. --- working class.