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Project management --- CPM --- Time/cost trade-off --- Time-switch constraints

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Everyone is familiar with the speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT). To make good choices, we need to balance the conflicting demands of fast and accurate decision making. After all, hasty decisions often lead to poor choices, but accurate decisions may be useless if they take too long. This notion is intuitive because it reflects a fundamental aspect of cognition: not only do we deliberate over the evidence for decisions, but we can control that deliberative process. This control raises many questions for the study of choice behaviour and executive function. For example, how do we figure out the appropriate balance between speed and accuracy on a given task? How do we impose that balance on our decisions, and what is its neural basis? Researchers have addressed these and related questions for decades, using a variety of methods and offering answers at different levels of abstraction. Given this diverse methodology, our aim is to provide a unified view of the SAT. Extensive analysis of choice behaviour suggests that we make decisions by accumulating evidence until some criterion is reached. Thus, adjusting the criterion controls how long we accumulate evidence and therefore the speed and accuracy of decisions. This simple framework provides the platform for our unified view. In the pages that follow, leading experts in decision neuroscience consider the history of SAT research, strategies for determining the optimal balance between speed and accuracy, conditions under which this seemingly ubiquitous phenomenon breaks down, and the neural mechanisms that may implement the computations of our unifying framework.

Decision Making --- Neural mechanisms of cognition --- Speed-accuracy trade-off --- decision neuroscience --- bounded integration

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Everyone is familiar with the speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT). To make good choices, we need to balance the conflicting demands of fast and accurate decision making. After all, hasty decisions often lead to poor choices, but accurate decisions may be useless if they take too long. This notion is intuitive because it reflects a fundamental aspect of cognition: not only do we deliberate over the evidence for decisions, but we can control that deliberative process. This control raises many questions for the study of choice behaviour and executive function. For example, how do we figure out the appropriate balance between speed and accuracy on a given task? How do we impose that balance on our decisions, and what is its neural basis? Researchers have addressed these and related questions for decades, using a variety of methods and offering answers at different levels of abstraction. Given this diverse methodology, our aim is to provide a unified view of the SAT. Extensive analysis of choice behaviour suggests that we make decisions by accumulating evidence until some criterion is reached. Thus, adjusting the criterion controls how long we accumulate evidence and therefore the speed and accuracy of decisions. This simple framework provides the platform for our unified view. In the pages that follow, leading experts in decision neuroscience consider the history of SAT research, strategies for determining the optimal balance between speed and accuracy, conditions under which this seemingly ubiquitous phenomenon breaks down, and the neural mechanisms that may implement the computations of our unifying framework.

Decision Making --- Neural mechanisms of cognition --- Speed-accuracy trade-off --- decision neuroscience --- bounded integration

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Input subsidy programs (ISP) often have two conflicting targeting goals: selecting individuals with the highest marginal return to inputs on efficiency grounds, or the poorest individuals on equity grounds, allowing for a secondary market to restore efficiency gains. To study this targeting dilemma, this paper implements a field experiment where beneficiaries of an ISP were selected via a lottery or a local committee. In lottery villages, the study finds evidence of a secondary market as beneficiaries are more likely to sell inputs to non-beneficiaries. In contrast, in non-lottery villages, the study finds evidence of displacement of private fertilizer sales yet no elite capture. The impacts of the ISP on agricultural productivity and welfare are limited, suggesting that resources should be directed at complementary investments, such as improving soil quality and irrigation.

Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Efficiency Gains --- Equity --- Fertilizer --- Fertilizers --- Input Subsidies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Taxation and Subsidies --- Trade-Off

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Anfang 2006 tritt Alan Greenspan als Vorsitzender der Federal Reserve (Fed) ab. Damit endet gleichzeitig eine einschneidende Epoche der amerikanischen Geldpolitik. Das Urteil zur Greenspan-Ära fällt bisher ambivalent aus. Auf der einen Seite wird der pragmatischen und flexiblen Geldpolitik der letzten 18 Jahre ein erheblicher Anteil am Wachstums- und Beschäftigungserfolg der USA zugebilligt. Andererseits wird die einseitige Ausrichtung auf den Vorsitzenden und das Fehlen einer klaren und verständlichen Konzeption bemängelt. Diese Arbeit versucht zu klären, ob die geldpolitische Strategie der Federal Reserve in der heutigen Form ein Erfolgs- oder Auslaufmodell darstellt. Dazu wird die Fed-Strategie seit 1987 umfassend analysiert und bewertet. Die Analyse soll insbesondere Antworten darauf geben, welche Rolle Beschäftigungsziele in der Geldpolitik spielen sollten, und ob die Fed-Strategie für die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) Vorbildcharakter besitzt.

Auslaufmodell --- Beschäftigung --- Federal --- Federal Reserve --- Federal Reserve System --- Fed-Strategie --- Geldpolitik --- geldpolitische --- Geschichte 1987-2004 --- Hartmann --- Inflation Targeting --- oder --- Reserve --- Strategie --- Taylor-Regel --- Trade-off-Kurve --- Vorbild