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The present book contains nine articles that were accepted and published in the Special Issue “Modeling and Control of Energy Conversion during Underground Coal Gasification Process” of the MDPI Energies journal. This book focuses on the energy conversion processes in underground coal gasification (UCG), as well as on the modeling and control of this process. The articles published in this book can be divided into three thematic parts of research in the field of underground coal gasification technology: the first part is the impact of technology on the environment, the second is research (studies) on the coal areas and coal properties of UCG technology, and the third is the monitoring, modeling, and control processes within UCG. We hope that this book will be interesting and useful for workers and researchers in the field of underground coal gasification technology, as well as for those who are interested in the mathematical modeling and control of this process.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- low-carbon energy --- UCG technology --- grouting --- solidification soil --- soil air --- statistic model --- soil contamination --- atmospheric geochemical survey --- environmental burden --- underground coal gasification (UCG) --- optimization --- syngas --- calorific value --- optimal control --- operating variables --- control algorithm --- coal gasification --- rocks --- coal seam --- material balance --- heat balance --- tightness --- gas --- underground coal gasification --- georeactor --- char --- melted waste rock --- gas permeability --- tortuosity --- porosity --- measurement --- temperature --- regression --- model --- analyses --- cavity --- lignite --- UCG --- ex situ tests --- high temperature --- strength and structural parameters of rocks after heating --- destruction zone around gasified channel --- SNG --- UCG wastewater --- environmental impact assessment --- correlation analysis --- effluents --- n/a
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The aim of the Special Issue is to discuss the main current topics concerning marketing for sustainable tourism with reference to territories (i.e., tourism destinations, protected areas, parks and/or natural sites, UNESCO World Heritage Sites, rural regions/areas, etc.) and tourism enterprises and/or organisations (i.e., destination management organisations, hospitality enterprises, restaurant enterprises, cableway companies, travel agencies, etc.). In destinations where natural resources are pull factors for tourism development, the relationships among local actors (public, private, and local community), as well as marketing choices, are essential to develop sustainable tourism products. To this end, the Special Issue encourages papers that analyse marketing strategies adopted by tourism destinations and/or tourism enterprises to avoid overtourism, to manage mass sustainable tourism (as defined by Weaver, 2000), and to encourage and promote sustainable tourism in marginal areas or in territories suffering lack of integration in the tourism offer. Special attention will be given to contributions on the best practices to manage territories and/or enterprises adopting sustainable marketing strategies.
business models --- expenditure --- environmental self-efficacy --- n/a --- tourism development --- Lanzarote --- decisive factors --- Chinese tourist --- experience economy --- tourism factory --- ski-resort marketing --- mountain tourism --- biospheric values --- sustainable development of airport --- visitor experience --- tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior --- local attraction --- airport image --- destination offering --- customer satisfaction --- tourist behaviors --- economic sustainability --- micro-scale destination --- tourism demand --- tourism destination image --- multi-attraction travel --- pleasure --- gastronomy --- sustainability --- hot spring --- Mediterranean cruise destinations --- panel threshold regression model --- degree centrality --- tourist intelligence --- destination attribute --- seemingly unrelated regression --- post-industrial tourism --- alternative product development --- personal norm --- social network analysis --- ski resorts --- transit port --- behavioral intention --- ski-resort management --- tourism marketing --- economic growth --- grounded theory --- Seasonality --- responsible tourism --- interpretive structural modeling --- service innovation --- tourism --- disaster-stricken counties --- online review --- audit --- China --- tourism advertisement --- positioning --- destination marketing --- Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle --- Wenchuan earthquake --- density --- country brand --- satisfaction --- sustainable tourism --- experiential marketing --- Spain --- The Industrial Monuments Route --- environmental self-identity --- UCG --- port of call --- strategy --- tourists' environmentally responsible behavior --- Butler's Tourism Area Life Cycle
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Geothermal energy is the thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth's core, mantle, and crust. Geothermal technologies are used to generate electricity and to heat and cool buildings. To develop accurate models for heat and mass transfer applications involving fluid flow in geothermal applications or reservoir engineering and petroleum industries, a basic knowledge of the rheological and transport properties of the materials involved (drilling fluid, rock properties, etc.)—especially in high-temperature and high-pressure environments—are needed. This Special Issue considers all aspects of fluid flow and heat transfer in geothermal applications, including the ground heat exchanger, conduction and convection in porous media. The emphasis here is on mathematical and computational aspects of fluid flow in conventional and unconventional reservoirs, geothermal engineering, fluid flow, and heat transfer in drilling engineering and enhanced oil recovery (hydraulic fracturing, CO2 injection, etc.) applications.
karst carbonate reservoir --- fracture compressibility --- enhanced gas recovery --- cost of electricity (COE) --- microstructure --- permeability --- CO2 permeability --- ammonia --- shale oil --- process simulation --- aquifer support --- spatiotemporal characteristics --- semi-analytical solution --- injection orientation --- CO2 diffusion --- wellbore temperature --- fluid front kinetics --- nest of tubes --- supercritical CO2 --- multiple parallel fractures --- multifractal theory --- real-scale --- techno-economic model --- fractal --- inter-well connectivity --- apparent permeability --- heat transfer --- porous media --- multiple structural units (MSU) --- coupled heat conduction and advection --- diffusion --- bottom-hole pressure --- tight reservoir --- ventilation --- surface diffusion --- unsteady process --- underground coal gasification (UCG) --- dynamic crack tip --- mercury intrusion porosimetry --- energy conservation analysis --- methanol --- comprehensive heat transfer model --- pressure fluctuations --- production optimization --- numerical simulation --- percolation model --- rheology --- drilling --- AE energy --- pipeline network --- natural gas --- huff-‘n-puff --- cement --- viscosity --- mathematical modeling --- enhanced geothermal systems --- cement slurries --- yield stress --- non-Newtonian fluids --- capacitance-resistance model --- thixotropy --- conductivity --- enhanced oil recovery --- leakage and overflow --- geothermal --- coal and rock fracture --- impact pressure --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- GSHP (ground source heat pump) --- pore size distribution --- Knudsen diffusion --- hydraulic fracturing --- efficient simulation --- constitutive relations --- electricity generation --- fractal theory --- pore structure --- complex fracture network --- sloshing --- cost-effective --- slippage effect --- dynamic hydraulic-fracturing experiments --- critical porosity --- fracture uncertainty --- carbon capture and utilization (CCU) --- tube bundle model --- continuity/momentum and energy equations coupled --- main gas pipeline --- Coal excavation --- longitudinal dispersion coefficient --- computational fluid dynamic (CFD) --- flowback --- fracture simulation --- highly viscous fluids --- carbon capture and storage (CCS) --- energy dissipation --- economics --- particles model --- variable viscosity --- multi-pressure system --- frequency conversion technology (FCT) --- three-dimensional numerical simulation --- tight oil reservoirs --- multiphase flow --- methane removal --- Navier-Stokes equations
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