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Demography --- demographics --- demografie --- Paris

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Older people. --- Demographics.

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Word War second left Japan crippled, affecting its economy, governance, demography, settlements, social well-being, and others. However, Japan used this as an opportunity to restructure itself to become a progressive, balanced, and well-rounded country. Spatial or territorial development is critical to national economic transformation. It is supported by and simultaneously impacts economic, social, demographic, institutional, and administrative reforms. Based on lessons from a wide range of international experiences, three key agendas arise as key to effective territorial development: (a) concentration: create generic capital for an uncertain future economy, (b) connectivity: connect markets nationally and internationally, and (c) convergence: ensure decent living standards everywhere. Japan has followed a virtuous path of quite intense concentration, with early investment in strong connectivity between places, and in high living standards and human capital investments everywhere. At present, Japan is entering an era of substantial decline and aging of the population, which requires reexamining of all the plans and policies for reconstructing the society. Looking forward, Japan's declining, and aging population, in fact raises the importance of allowing concentration in a few dynamic, high-amenity, places that can be serviced efficiently, rather than trying to spread a dwindling population across the country.

Demographics --- Inequality --- Urban Planning --- Urbanization

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Demography --- demographics --- anno 1500-1599 --- Antwerp

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Demography affects our daily lives. Consciously or not, we take into account the demographic context when making choices on employment, savings, health, and education. This report studies how demographic change is likely to affect demand for social services in Southern Africa and how today's policies can be shaped to reap potential benefits from demographic dynamics and address the population's evolving needs. The authors define the social sectors as education, health, and social assistance and social policies as policies related to these three sectors. The study illustrates how social policies designed to fit with evolving demographic structures are likely to lead to wealthier and more productive future generations, fostering growth and equity. But the reverse also holds: ill-tailored social policies can hold back countries' development and heighten intergenerational tensions. The rest of this report is structured as follows. Chapter two presents evidence on demographic trends in Southern Africa. Chapter three explains the report's conceptual framework and how demography can be an opportunity or a curse, depending on the policy environment. Chapter four studies the five countries' labor markets and documents challenges that a growing active labor force is likely to generate. Chapter five looks at the likely impacts of changing demographics on social sectors. It shows how a dependency ratio that will remain relatively low for decades to come will provide the opportunity to redirect social spending towards emerging priorities, and identifies which of these priorities will be in education, health, and social assistance. Chapter six concludes the study by discussing immediate policy implications.

Adolescents --- Demographics --- Fiscal Policy --- Intergenerational Poverty --- Malnutrition