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Anti-discriminatory measure. --- Decision making. --- EU Member State. --- Equal treatment. --- Equality between men and women. --- Gleichberechtigung. --- Position of women. --- Report.

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A trenchant case for a novel philosophical position: that our political thinking is driven less by commitments to freedom or fairness than by an aversion to hierarchy.Niko Kolodny argues that, to a far greater extent than we recognize, our political thinking is driven by a concern to avoid relations of inferiority. In order to make sense of the most familiar ideas in our political thought and discourse—the justification of the state, democracy, and rule of law, as well as objections to paternalism and corruption—we cannot merely appeal to freedom, as libertarians do, or to distributive fairness, as liberals do. We must instead appeal directly to claims against inferiority—to the conviction that no one should stand above or below.The problem of justifying the state, for example, is often billed as the problem of reconciling the state with the freedom of the individual. Yet, Kolodny argues, once we press hard enough on worries about the state’s encroachment on the individual, we end up in opposition not to unfreedom but to social hierarchy. To make his case, Kolodny takes inspiration from two recent trends in philosophical thought: on the one hand, the revival of the republican and Kantian traditions, with their focus on domination and dependence; on the other, relational egalitarianism, with its focus on the effects of the distribution of income and wealth on our social relations.The Pecking Order offers a detailed account of relations of inferiority in terms of objectionable asymmetries of power, authority, and regard. Breaking new ground, Kolodny looks ahead to specific kinds of democratic institutions that could safeguard against such relations.

Philosophy and social sciences. --- Political science --- Social stratification --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy. --- autonomy. --- choice. --- citizenship. --- coercion. --- consideration. --- control. --- discrimination. --- elections. --- equal treatment. --- esteem. --- force. --- gerrymandering. --- inequality. --- influence. --- john rawls. --- justice. --- legitimacy. --- liberty. --- majority rule. --- opportunity. --- rights. --- voting.

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La croissance en Afrique subsaharienne a ralenti, après plus d'une décennie de croissance robuste, bien que ce tableau masque des disparités importantes dans la région. Certains pays ont particulièrement souffert de la chute des cours de leurs principaux produits d'exportation. Les pays exportateurs de pétrole, dont le Nigéria et l'Angola, ont été durement touchés par la baisse des recettes et les ajustements budgétaires correspondants, et des pays à revenu intermédiaire tels que l'Afrique du Sud, le Ghana et la Zambie se heurtent également à des conditions défavorables. Ce rapport d'octobre 2015 examine les ajustements que ces pays devront apporter à leurs politiques budgétaires et monétaires pour s'adapter à ce nouvel environnement. Le chapitre 2 s'intéresse à la compétitivité de la région : il analyse l'importante intégration commerciale qui a accompagné la récente période de forte croissance et examine les mesures qui pourraient soutenir de nouvelles sources de croissance. Le chapitre 3 se penche sur les implications de la persistance de fortes inégalités de revenus et entre les sexes en Afrique subsaharienne, et envisage des mesures pour y remédier.

Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Gender Studies --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Commodity Markets --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Finance --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Public finance & taxation --- Income inequality --- Exchange rates --- Commodity prices --- Gender inequality --- Competition --- Income distribution --- Prices --- Sex discrimination --- South Africa

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We investigate the link between gender inequality in financial inclusion and income inequality, with three contributions to the recent literature. First, using a micro-dataset covering 146,000 individuals in over 140 countries, we construct novel, synthetic indices of the intensity of financial inclusion at the individual and country level. Second, we derive the distribution of individual financial access “scores” across countries to document a “Kuznets”-curve in financial inclusion. Third, cross-country regressions confirm that our measure of inequality in financial access is significantly related to income inequality, above and beyond other factors previously highlighted in the literature.

Finance: General --- Macroeconomics --- Gender Studies --- General Financial Markets: Other --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Finance --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Income inequality --- Financial inclusion --- Gender inequality --- Income distribution --- Financial sector development --- National accounts --- Financial markets --- Gender --- Financial services industry --- Sex discrimination --- Thailand

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Why have Americans expressed concern about immigration at some times but not at others? In pursuit of an answer, this book examines America's first nativist movement, which responded to the rapid influx of 4.2 million immigrants between 1840 and 1860 and culminated in the dramatic rise of the National American Party. As previous studies have focused on the coasts, historians have not yet completely explained why westerners joined the ranks of the National American, or "Know Nothing," Party or why the nation's bloodiest anti-immigrant riots erupted in western cities--namely Chicago, Cincinnati, Louisville, and St. Louis. In focusing on the antebellum West, Inventing America's First Immigration Crisis illuminates the cultural, economic, and political issues that originally motivated American nativism and explains how it ultimately shaped the political relationship between church and state. In six detailed chapters, Ritter explains how unprecedented immigration from Europe and rapid westward expansion reignited fears of Catholicism as a corrosive force. He presents new research on the inner sanctums of the secretive Order of Know-Nothings and provides original data on immigration, crime, and poverty in the urban West. Ritter argues that the country's first bout of political nativism actually renewed Americans' commitment to church-state separation. Native-born Americans compelled Catholics and immigrants, who might have otherwise shared an affinity for monarchism, to accept American-style democracy. Catholics and immigrants forced Americans to adopt a more inclusive definition of religious freedom. This study offers valuable insight into the history of nativism in U.S. politics and sheds light on present-day concerns about immigration, particularly the role of anti-Islamic appeals in recent elections.

Religion --- Immigrants --- Nativism --- Anti-Catholicism --- History --- Political aspects --- Religious aspects --- Antipapism --- Prejudices --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Persons --- Religion, Primitive --- Atheism --- Irreligion --- Religions --- Theology --- Catholics --- Social discrimination & equal treatment; History of the Americas; Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholic Church --- 1800-1899 --- West United States. --- American West --- Trans-Mississippi West (U.S.) --- United States, West --- Western States (U.S.) --- Western United States