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Trade and investment in services are inhibited by a range of policy restrictions, but the best offers so far in the Doha negotiations are on average twice as restrictive as actual policy. They will generate no additional market opening. Regulatory concerns help explain the limited progress. This paper develops two proposals to enhance the prospects for both liberalization of services trade and regulatory reform. The first is for governments to create mechanisms ("services knowledge platforms") to bring together regulators, trade officials, and stakeholders to discuss services regulatory reform. Such mechanisms could identify reform priorities and opportunities for utilization of "aid for trade" resources, thereby putting in place the preconditions for future market opening. The second proposal is for a new approach to negotiations in the World Trade Organization, with a critical mass of countries that account for the bulk of services production agreeing to lock-in applied levels of protection and pre-committing to reform of policies affecting foreign direct investment and international movement for individual service providers-two areas where current policy is most restrictive and potential benefits from liberalization are greatest. If these proposals cannot be fully implemented in the Doha time frame, then any Doha agreement could at least lay the basis for a forward-looking program of international cooperation along the proposed lines.

Aid for trade --- Development assistance --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- GATS --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- International Economics & Trade --- International negotiations --- Knowledge platforms --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Services regulation --- Trade agreements --- Trade and Services --- Trade liberalization --- WTO

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This paper provides a different basis than previous analyses for regional bloc formation and regional migration. Due to low bargaining power and fixed costs, small states face a severe disadvantage in negotiations with the rest of the world and might benefit by forming a regional bloc. The study a) presents a general equilibrium model where bargaining power, international and regional negotiation costs, number of issues negotiated, and accession rule to the bloc determine its size and welfare impact; and b) examines the impact of international migration as well as the migration-trade relationship. The main findings are: i) the likelihood of regional bloc formation, its size and welfare impact, increases with international negotiation costs and the number of issues negotiated, and decreases with regional negotiation costs; ii) bloc size is optimal (below the optimum) if an accession fee is (is not) charged; iii) South-South migration raises bloc size and welfare; iv) South-South migration and trade are complements under market access negotiations and are substitutes under negotiations for unilateral transfers as well as under migrant remittances; and v) South-North migration and bloc formation, and South-North and South-South migration, are substitutes for the states that benefit from membership in the bloc.

Bargaining power --- Bloc size --- Conflict and Development --- Economic Theory & Research --- Equilibrium model --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- International agreements --- International arena --- International Economics and Trade --- International negotiations --- International organizations --- International Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market access --- Member countries --- Member states --- Negotiation costs --- Negotiation resources --- Population Policies --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Regional bloc --- Regional bloc formation --- Regional blocs --- Regional Cooperation --- Regional Economic Development --- Trade Agreement --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trade blocs --- Trade relationship

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This original look at the dynamics of international relations untangles the vigorous interaction of domestic and international politics on subjects as diverse as nuclear disarmament, human rights, and trade. An eminent group of political scientists demonstrates how international bargaining that reflects domestic political agendas can be undone when it ignores the influence of domestic constituencies. The eleven studies in Double-Edged Diplomacy provide a major step in furthering a more complete understanding of how politics between nations affects politics within nations and vice versa. The result is a striking new paradigm for comprehending world events at a time when the global and the domestic are becoming ever more linked.

International relations --- Diplomacy --- Political science --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- History --- Case studies. --- Political science. --- business and economics. --- domestic and international affairs. --- foreign policy. --- global politics. --- global trade. --- human rights. --- international agreements. --- international negotiations. --- international political economy. --- international politics. --- international relations. --- international trade. --- national politics. --- nuclear disarmament. --- poli sci books. --- poli sci major. --- political case studies. --- political science majors. --- political science. --- political scientist experts. --- political theory. --- politics between nations. --- public affairs. --- public policy.

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A hinge moment in recent American history, 1995 was an exceptional year. Drawing on interviews, oral histories, memoirs, archival collections, and news reports, W. Joseph Campbell presents a vivid, detail-rich portrait of those memorable twelve months. This book offers fresh interpretations of the decisive moments of 1995, including the emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web in mainstream American life; the bombing at Oklahoma City, the deadliest attack of domestic terrorism in U.S. history; the sensational "Trial of the Century," at which O.J. Simpson faced charges of double murder; the U.S.-brokered negotiations at Dayton, Ohio, which ended the Bosnian War, Europe’s most vicious conflict since the Nazi era; and the first encounters at the White House between Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky, a liaison that culminated in a stunning scandal and the spectacle of the president’s impeachment and trial. As Campbell demonstrates in this absorbing chronicle, 1995 was a year of extraordinary events, a watershed at the turn of the millennium. The effects of that pivotal year reverberate still, marking the close of one century and the dawning of another.

Nineteen ninety-five, A.D. --- 1995 A.D. --- Nineteen hundred ninety-five, A.D. --- Year nineteen ninety-five, A.D. --- Nineteen nineties --- United States --- Politics and government --- Social conditions --- 1993-2001 --- 20th century --- Nineteen ninety-five --- Nineteen ninety-five, A.D.. --- United States -- Politics and government -- 1993-2001.. --- United States -- Social conditions -- 20th century. --- american culture. --- american history. --- american politics. --- american presidency. --- beginning of the internet. --- bill clinton. --- bombing. --- bosnian war. --- domestic terrorism. --- double murder. --- government and governing. --- high profile case. --- history. --- impeachment. --- international negotiations. --- internet. --- late 20th century american history. --- mainstream. --- monica lewinsky. --- oj simpson. --- oklahoma city bombing. --- political scandal. --- president clinton. --- retrospective. --- scandal. --- trial of the century. --- trial. --- united states of america. --- world wide web.

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Energy policy --- Power resources --- Politique énergétique --- Ressources énergétiques --- Economic aspects --- Aspect économique --- Russia (Federation) --- European Union countries --- Russie --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Foreign relations --- Relations extérieures --- BPB0904 --- Gaz --- Europe --- Négociation internationale --- Energiebeleid --- Gas --- Europa --- Internationale onderhandeling --- Politique énergétique --- Ressources énergétiques --- Aspect économique --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Relations extérieures --- Russian Federation --- Rossiyskaya Federatsiya --- Rossiya (Federation) --- Rossii︠a︡ (Federation) --- Российская Федерация --- Rossiĭskai︠a︡ Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Російська Федерація --- Rosiĭsʹka Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Federazione della Russia --- Russische Föderation --- RF --- Federation of Russia --- Urysye Federat︠s︡ie --- Правительство России --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossii --- Правительство Российской Федерации --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii --- Правительство РФ --- Pravitelʹstvo RF --- Rosja (Federation) --- O-lo-ssu (Federation) --- Roshia Renpō --- Federazione russa --- OKhU --- Orosyn Kholboony Uls --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- EU countries --- Euroland --- Foreign economic relations --- Economic aspects. --- energetická politika --- energetikos politika --- energetska politika --- energiapoliitika --- energiapolitiikka --- енергийна политика --- politika tal-enerġija --- ενεργειακή πολιτική --- política energética --- Energiepolitik --- politica energetica --- energiebeleid --- energiapolitika --- energipolitik --- enerģētikas politika --- politică energetică --- politikë energjetike --- energy policy --- енергетска политика --- polityka energetyczna --- strategia energetica --- obiettivo energetico --- политика за енергетика --- politica energetica nazionale --- мерки за енергетска ефикасност --- atomprogram --- opzione energetica --- atompolitik --- politica dell'energia --- piano energetico --- енергетска стратегија --- sviluppo energetico --- международни преговори --- negocieri internaționale --- internationale Verhandlungen --- international forhandling --- меѓународни преговори --- international negotiations --- međunarodni pregovori --- rahvusvahelised läbirääkimised --- negozjati internazzjonali --- internationale onderhandeling --- negociata ndërkombëtare --- nemzetközi tárgyalások --- mednarodna pogajanja --- међународни преговори --- negociación internacional --- διεθνείς διαπραγματεύσεις --- kansainväliset neuvottelut --- negoziato internazionale --- medzinárodné rokovania --- internationella förhandlingar --- mezinárodní jednání --- negociação internacional --- tarptautinės derybos --- starptautiskas sarunas --- negocjacje międzynarodowe --- stav jednání --- negociatat e një marrëveshjeje --- opening of negotiations --- zahájení jednání --- negociación de un acuerdo --- trattativa internazionale --- negocierea unui acord --- atkārtotas sarunas --- onderhandeling van een overeenkomst --- jednací procedura --- sarunu procedūra --- negotiation procedure --- rokovacia procedúra --- στάδιο των διαπραγματεύσεων --- ukončení jednání --- procedură de negociere --- līguma apspriešana --- stāvoklis sarunās --- rinegociim --- procedura di negoziazione --- neuvotteluvaihe --- újratárgyalás --- преговарачка позиција --- läbirääkimiste alustamine --- situazione negoziale --- процес на преговори --- derybų tvarka --- derybų pradžia --- negotiation of an agreement --- sarunu sākšana --- stav rokovania --- lepinguläbirääkimised --- öppnande av förhandling --- vývoj jednání --- Verhandlungsmodus --- megállapodás tárgyalása --- sopimusneuvottelut --- estado da negociação --- läbirääkimismenetlus --- sarunu situācija --- state of negotiations --- estado de la negociación --- tárgyalások megnyitása --- renégociation --- Neuverhandlung --- започнување преговори --- apertura de negociaciones --- avvio del negoziato --- отворање преговори --- vyjednávání --- renegociación --- neuvottelujen käynnistäminen uudelleen --- processo de negociação --- besprekingen --- derybos dėl susitarimo --- förhandlingsläge --- opätovné prerokovanie --- hapja e negociatave --- renegociere --- znovuprojednávání --- genforhandling --- tárgyalásra vonatkozó eljárás --- situația negocierii --- deschiderea negocierii --- Verhandlungsstadium --- indledning af forhandling --- процес на преговарање --- négociation d'accord --- διαδικασία διαπραγματεύσεως --- negociação de um acordo --- omförhandling --- derybos dėl sutarties --- derybos dėl konvencijos --- rokovanie o dohode --- situata e negociatave --- opening van de onderhandelingen --- forhandling om aftale --- läbirääkimiste taasalustamine --- förhandlingsförfarande --- forhandlingsprocedure --- neuvottelumenettely --- negociace --- procedura pregovaranja --- förhandlingsprocedur --- jednání na mezinárodní úrovni --- abertura de negociação --- Stand der Verhandlungen --- procedimiento de negociación --- procedurë negociimi --- derybų būklė --- διαπραγμάτευση συμφωνίας --- läbirääkimiste seis --- otvaranje pregovora --- onderhandelingsprocedure --- početak pregovora --- повторни преговори --- έναρξη διαπραγματεύσεων --- procédure de négociation --- renegotiation --- Eröffnung der Verhandlungen --- ouverture de négociation --- negoziato d'accordo --- neuvottelujen käynnistäminen --- otvorenie rokovania --- повторно преговарање --- преговори за договор --- αναδιαπραγμάτευση --- Aushandlung eines Abkommens --- état de la négociation --- jednání o dohodě --- pakartotinės derybos --- staat van de onderhandelingen --- rinegoziazione --- статус на преговорите --- renegociação --- hervatting van de onderhandelingen --- gaas --- gāze --- gáz --- gás --- gaz --- plin --- plyn --- gas --- гас --- αέριο --- gass  --- газ --- kaasu --- dujos --- combustibil gazos --- gasformigt brændsel --- gaz de furnal --- cokesgas --- gasvormige brandstof --- aukštakrosnių dujos --- gas liquefatto --- gáz-halmazállapotú tüzelőanyag --- koksgas --- gasförmiger Brennstoff --- gasbränsle --- combustível gasoso --- gasformigt bränsle --- coke-oven gas --- plin za kućanstvo --- koksárenský plyn --- течен гас --- tekući plin --- αέριο υψικαμίνου --- Kokereigas --- koksiuunikaasu --- gāzveida degviela --- αέριο οπτανθρακοποιείου --- gaz furnalte --- högvärdesgas --- kokszolókemence-gáz --- Hochofengas --- gaz de haut fourneau --- dujinis kuras --- koksigaas --- gaseous fuel --- blast-furnace gas --- dujiniai degalai --- gas para alto horno --- гас за употреба во домаќинство --- kaasumainen polttoaine --- combustibile gassoso --- gas di cokeria --- gaz i furrës së koksit --- topný plyn --- gradski plin --- combustible gaseoso --- domnas gāze --- kõrgahjugaas --- gaaskütus --- gas para fábrica de coque --- plynné palivo --- gas dell'altoforno --- gas di petrolio liquefatto --- kohógáz --- αέριο αποστακτήρα --- masuunikaasu --- gas di raffineria --- vysokopecní plyn --- kychtový plyn --- gaz de cokerie --- masugnsgas --- αέριο καύσιμο --- koksa gāze --- prirodni plin --- højovnsgas --- karburant i gaztë --- vykurovací plyn --- hoogovengas --- gaz de cocserie --- gás de alto-forno --- koksavimo dujos --- combustible gazeux --- Eiropa --- Ευρώπη --- Ewropa --- Euroopa --- Eurooppa --- Европа --- Európa --- hEorpa --- Evropa --- țări europene --- Europese landen --- země Evropy --- Euroopa riigid --- evropské státy --- países europeus --- evropské země --- европски земји --- European countries --- europæiske lande --- ευρωπαϊκές χώρες --- país europeo --- Euroopan maat --- paesi europei --- nazioni europee --- európske krajiny --- país de Europa --- európai országok --- Europos šalys --- pays européens --- státy Evropy --- Europese staten --- vende europiane --- europäische Länder --- europeiska länder --- Eluosi (Federation) --- 俄罗斯 (Federation) --- caibidlíocht idirnáisiúnta --- An Eoraip --- beartas fuinnimh --- Energy policy - Russia (Federation) --- Russia (Federation) - Foreign economic relations - European Union countries --- European Union countries - Foreign economic relations - Russia (Federation) --- Négociation internationale --- RF (Russian Federation) --- Россия (Federation)