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Das Einüben der Fähigkeit, mit sprachlicher und kultureller Vielfalt produktiv umzugehen, ist ein Kernanliegen des zeitgemäßen Fremdsprachenunterrichts. Doch wie ist der Umgang mit dieser im Klassenzimmer organisiert? Daniel H. Rellstab analysiert auf der Basis eines von Erving Goffman geprägten Interaktionsverständnisses Interaktionen in »Deutsch als Fremdsprache«-Klassenzimmern. Dabei zeigt er, welche Ressourcen Lehrkräfte sowie Schülerinnen und Schüler in der Interaktion einsetzen, wie sie aushandeln, welche Sprachen legitim, welche illegitim sind, und wie sie dabei Identitäten und Normen re- und dekonstruieren.

Deutsch Als Fremdsprache; Interaktion; Interaktionsanalyse; Multimodalität; Mehrsprachigkeit; Legitimität; Sprachkompetenz; Spracherwerb; Didaktik; Lernen; Identität; Normensystem; Sprache; Bildung; Gesellschaft; Sprachwissenschaft; Interkulturalität; Germanistik; Bildungsforschung; Pädagogik; German As a Foreign Language; Interaction; Interaction Analysis; Multimodality; Multilinguism; Legitimacy; Language Competence; Language Acquisition; Didactics; Learning; Identity; Standard System; Language; Education; Society; Linguistics; Interculturalism; German Literature; Educational Research; Pedagogy --- Didactics. --- Education. --- Educational Research. --- German Literature. --- Identity. --- Interaction Analysis. --- Interaction. --- Interculturalism. --- Language Acquisition. --- Language Competence. --- Language. --- Learning. --- Legitimacy. --- Linguistics. --- Multilinguism. --- Multimodality. --- Pedagogy. --- Society. --- Standard System.

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In diesem Buch wird die grundlagentheoretische Frage nach der Konstitution des Gegenstandes der Sprachwissenschaft mit dem aktuellen Thema "Medien" verbunden: Welche systematischen Folgen haben die Ergebnisse der neueren, kulturwissenschaftlich geprägten Debatten um Medialität und Performativität für die linguistische Gegenstandskonstitution, insbesondere für den Kompetenzbegriff? Wenn es keine medienunabhängige Kompetenz gibt, inwiefern ist die Kompetenz dann trotzdem "frei"? In kritischer Abgrenzung vom "mentalistischen" Kompetenzbegriff einerseits und vom Mediendeterminismus andererseits wird im Anschluss an Wittgenstein die These entwickelt, dass sich Sprachkompetenz in vielen Fällen angemessener als "Sprachspielkompetenz" fassen lässt. Wie sich diese im Einzelnen ausbuchstabieren lässt, wird im Hauptkapitel anhand zahlreicher Beispiele untersucht. Dabei geht es immer darum zu zeigen, inwiefern der Sprachgebrauch zwar durch das jeweilige Medium "konturiert", aber nicht "determiniert" ist. Medien eröffnen Spielräume, und die Kompetenz der Akteure zeigt sich darin, wie sie sich dieser Spielräume im jeweiligen kommunikativen Kontext bedienen.

Language and languages --- Competence and performance (Linguistics) --- Semantics. --- Pragmatics. --- Linguistics. --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Pragmalinguistics --- General semantics --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Semantics (Philosophy) --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Performance and competence (Linguistics) --- Creativity (Linguistics) --- Generative grammar --- Psycholinguistics --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy --- Competence and performance (Linguistics). --- Language competence.

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The testing and assessment of language competence continues to be a much debated issue in foreign language teaching and research. This book is the first one to address the testing of four important dimensions of foreign language education which have been left largely unconsidered: learner autonomy, intercultural competence, literature and literary competence, and the integration of content and language learning. Each area is considered through a theoretical framework, followed by two empirical studies, raising questions of importance to all language teachers: How can one test literary competence? Can intercultural competence be measured? What about the integrated assessment of content-and-language in CLIL and teaching? Is progress in autonomous learning skill gaugeable? The book constitutes essential reading for anyone interested in the testing and assessment of seemingly largely untestable aspects of foreign language competence.

Communicative competence --- Intercultural communication --- Language and languages --- Multicultural education --- 800.7 --- Intercultural education --- Education --- Culturally relevant pedagogy --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Cross-cultural communication --- Culture --- Cross-cultural orientation --- Cultural competence --- Multilingual communication --- Technical assistance --- Competence, Communicative --- Competence and performance (Linguistics) --- Psycholinguistics --- 800.7 Taalonderwijs. Taalverwerving --- Taalonderwijs. Taalverwerving --- Evaluation --- Study and teaching&delete& --- Anthropological aspects --- Study and teaching --- Evaluation. --- Culturally sustaining pedagogy --- assessment. --- content and language learning. --- foreign language teaching. --- language competence. --- learner autonomy. --- literary competence. --- testing.

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Placing failed humor within the broader category of miscommunication and drawing on a range of conversational data, this text represents the first comprehensive study of failed humor. It provides a framework for classifying the types of failure that can occur, examines the strategies used by both speakers and hearers to avoid and manage failure, and highlights the crucial role humor plays in social identity and relationship management.

Conversation analysis. --- Joking. --- Plays on words. --- Pragmatics. --- Wit and humor. --- Wit and humor --- Miscommunication --- Languages & Literatures --- Social Sciences --- Psychology --- Literature - General --- Social aspects --- Miscommunication. --- Social aspects. --- Misunderstanding (Communication) --- Communication --- language --- communication skills --- language skills --- linguistics --- sociology --- social behaviour --- κοινωνική συμπεριφορά --- zachowanie społeczne --- comportament social --- socialinis elgesys --- Sozialverhalten --- sociālā uzvedība --- општествено однесување --- társadalmi viselkedés --- социално поведение --- social adfærd --- comportement social --- sjellje sociale --- imġiba soċjali --- socialno vedenje --- socialt beteende --- sociálne správanie --- sosiaalinen käyttäytyminen --- sotsiaalne käitumine --- друштвено понашање --- comportamento sociale --- društveno ponašanje --- comportamiento social --- sociaal gedrag --- sociální chování --- comportamento social --- антисоцијално однесување --- социјално однесување --- társadalmi magatartás --- asociaal gedrag --- општествени норми на однесување --- sociología --- socjologia --- sosiologia --- sociologi --- κοινωνιολογία --- sotsioloogia --- soċjoloġija --- социологија --- социология --- sociologija --- szociológia --- sociológia --- socioloģija --- sociologia --- sociologie --- sociologji --- Soziologie --- gender studies --- Entwicklungssoziologie --- sociobiologie --- sociológia politického života --- Sprachwissenschaft --- lingüística --- lingvistika --- lingwistika --- taalwetenschap --- keeleteadus --- linguística --- kielitiede --- nyelvészet --- teangeolaíocht --- językoznawstwo --- linguistikë --- лингвистика --- kalbotyra --- lingvistică --- jazykověda --- γλωσσολογία --- jezikoslovje --- linguistique --- lingvistik --- linguistica --- граматика --- etümoloogia --- nyelvtan --- spelluta --- γραμματική --- mondattan --- етимология --- lexicologia --- spraakkunst --- pronunciation --- pragmatika --- angewandte Sprachwissenschaft --- nauka o původu slov --- phonetics --- fonetiikka --- наука за јазикот --- morfologie --- правопис --- Etymologie --- pravopis --- Sprechtechnik --- prononciation --- fonētika --- etimologija --- grammatik --- Pragmalinguistik --- dějiny jazyka --- sprogvidenskab --- uttalslära --- ordboksvetenskap --- etymologia --- pisownia --- leksikologija --- leksikologji --- лексикологија --- gramatika --- fonetică --- προφορά --- etimología --- fonética --- λεξικολογία --- fonologie --- litriú --- betydelselära --- filologie --- sémantique --- Rechtschreibung --- Phonetik --- gramatică --- helyesírás --- gramática --- etimoloģija --- tartis --- Grammatik --- grammatika --- etymológia --- etymology --- grammar --- orthographe --- ääntäminen --- etymologi --- alaktan --- etimológia --- lexikológia --- hangtan --- ortografia --- Lexikologie --- syntax --- etimoloġija --- Sprachforschung --- lexicology --- kirjakuju --- Semantik --- szemantika --- semantik --- ortogrāfija --- grammatica --- φωνητική --- valodniecība --- semantiikka --- kielioppi --- leksikoloģija --- σημαντική --- ετυμολογία --- szókincstan --- oikeinkirjoitus --- fonetiek --- semantika --- sémantika --- keeletehnika --- Morphologie --- fonetikë --- lexikologi --- lexicología --- uttal --- beszédtechnika --- uitspraak --- jezikoslovlje --- spelling --- fonetik --- leksikoloogia --- mluvnice --- pronuncia --- semántica --- izgovor --- ljudlära --- semantica --- pronunciação --- semântica --- shqiptim --- pronúncia --- semantikë --- ορθογραφία --- phonétique --- matematická lingvistika --- étymologie --- stavemåde --- pronunciación --- výslovnosť --- etymologie --- taalkunde --- jazykozpyt --- udtale --- ortografía --- ortografie --- allmän språkvetenskap --- semantics --- semantiek --- fonetica --- etimologie --- linguïstiek --- rašyba --- Linguistik --- lessicologia --- leksikologi --- foneetika --- fonetika --- stavning --- gramatikë --- sanasto-oppi --- etimologia --- sanasaíocht --- semantică --- grammaire --- jelentéstan --- семантика --- morfológia --- aplikovaná lingvistika --- lexicologie --- kalbos mokėjimas --- језичке вештине --- aptitudini lingvistice --- sprogkundskaber --- compétence linguistique --- kielitaito --- keeleoskus --- valodiskās prasmes --- umiejętności językowe --- jazykové zručnosti --- inniúlacht teanga --- capacidades lingüísticas --- competências linguísticas --- talenkennis --- ħiliet tal-lingwa --- nyelvi készségek --- jezične vještine --- competenze linguistiche --- jezikovne spretnosti in znanja --- språkkunskaper --- езикови умения --- γλωσσικές δεξιότητες --- jazykové dovednosti --- Sprachkenntnisse --- qualificações linguísticas --- Bendra Europos kalbų mokėjimo orientacinė sistema --- kieliä koskeva yhteinen eurooppalainen viitekehys --- znajomość języków obcych --- gemeenschappelijk Europees referentiekader voor talen --- språkfärdigheter --- taalkwalificaties --- užsienio kalbos mokėjimas --- GERS --- quadro comune europeo di riferimento per la conoscenza delle lingue --- conocimiento de una lengua extranjera --- den fælles europæiske referenceramme for sprog --- езикова компетентност --- sprogkompetence --- competencia lingüística --- kompetenza fil-lingwa --- Euroopa keeleõppe raamdokument. Õppimine, õpetamine ja hindamine --- jazykové kvalifikace --- compétences linguistiques --- znalosť cudzieho jazyka --- profiċjenza fil-lingwa --- calificări lingvistice --- γλωσσικά προσόντα --- jezikovna usposobljenost --- compétences en langues étrangères --- CECR --- sprogkvalifikationer --- γνώση ξένων γλωσσών --- jazykové znalosti --- znanje jezikov --- jezična kompetencija --- taalcompetentie --- közös európai nyelvi referenciakeret --- kennis van vreemde talen --- fremmedsproglig kompetence --- Eiropas vienotā valodu prasmes līmeņa noteikšanas sistēma --- kompetenza fil-lingwi barranin --- språkkompetens --- kwalifikacje językowe --- kwalifiki fil-lingwi --- competência em línguas estrangeiras --- Comhchreat Tagartha na hEorpa um Theangacha --- владеене на езици --- competência em línguas --- ОЕРР --- језичке способности --- spoločný európsky referenčný rámec pre jazyky --- QKERL --- connaissances linguistiques --- jezikovne kvalifikacije --- valodu zināšanas --- nyelvtudás --- skupni evropski referenčni okvir za jezike --- taalvaardigheid --- γλωσσικές γνώσεις --- společný evropský referenční rámec pro jazyky --- kompetencje językowe --- QCER --- езикова квалификация --- znalost cizího jazyka --- обща европейска референтна рамка за езиците --- Common European Framework of Reference for Languages --- jezične sposobnosti --- poznavanje stranog jezika --- competență lingvistică --- cunoașterea limbilor străine --- competenza nelle lingue straniere --- kalbos mokėjimo lygis --- europejski system opisu kształcenia językowego --- language competence --- den gemensamma europeiska referensramen för språk --- competenza linguistica --- MCER --- QECRL --- biegłość językowa --- jazyková kompetence --- ZEROJ --- qualifiche linguistiche --- Sprachkompetenz --- proficiência linguística --- abilità linguistiche --- SERR --- jazyková kompetencia --- svešvalodu prasme --- CEFR --- sprogfærdigheder --- zajednički europski referentni okvir za jezike --- znanje tujih jezikov --- jezične kvalifikacije --- võõrkeeleoskus --- Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas --- Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas --- jazyková kvalifikácia --- γλωσσική επάρκεια --- чуждоезикова компетентност --- cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues --- vieraiden kielten osaaminen --- Qafas Komuni Ewropew ta' Referenza għal-Lingwi --- Gemeinsamer Europäischer Referenzrahmen für Sprachen --- vieraiden kielten taito --- foreign language competence --- language qualifications --- valodu prasme --- cualificaciones lingüísticas --- idegen nyelvi kompetencia --- Fremdsprachenkompetenz --- κοινό Ευρωπαϊκό Πλαίσιο Αναφοράς για τα γλωσσικά προσόντα --- language proficiency --- CECRL --- cadrul european comun de referință pentru limbi --- Sprachqualifikationen --- комуникационни умения --- pratique de communication --- комуникациски вештини --- komunikacijske vještine --- ħiliet ta’ komunikazzjoni --- viestintäkäytäntö --- τεχνική της επικοινωνίας --- Redegewandtheit --- pratica di comunicazione --- kommunikációs készségek --- kommunikation i praksis --- suhtlemisoskus --- schopnost komunikace --- abilități de comunicare --- umiejętność komunikacji --- prática da comunicação --- communicatie in de praktijk --- sposobnost komuniciranja --- bendravimo įgūdžiai --- praktisk kommunikation --- komunikačné schopnosti --- técnicas de comunicación --- aftësi komunikimi --- вештина комуникације --- sazināšanās prasme --- komunicēšanās prasmes --- bendravimo būdai --- комуникациска практика --- tehnici de comunicare --- komunikační metody --- kommunikationsförmåga --- komunikační schopnost --- praktika komunikimi --- communication practices --- комуникациски техники --- komunikační dovednosti --- комуникациска способност --- dorozumívací dovednosti --- kalba --- teanga --- limbaj --- lenguaje --- език --- język --- kieli --- linguaggio --- keel --- linguagem --- јазик --- taal --- lingwa --- gjuhë --- jezik --- γλώσσα --- nyelv --- jazyk --- språk --- langage --- valoda --- sprog --- Sprache --- језик --- lingua --- Discourse Analysis. --- Humor.

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L'ouvrage constitue un outil pratique pour toute personne souhaitant rédiger des documents juridiques en anglais: étudiants, avocats, juristes, professionnels du droit, hommes d'affaires, évoluant dans un contexte d'échanges de plus en plus internationaux. L'objectif de cet ouvrage est d'offrir au lecteur tous les outils nécessaires à la rédaction de documents juridiques en anglais, tant du point de vue du fond que de la forme. À travers une approche des principaux types de documents juridiques, allant des plus simples (courriel, lettre, note...) aux plus complexes (protocole d'accord, contrats), les auteurs distillent des conseils à la fois linguistiques et méthodo[1]logiques.

Anglais (langue) --- Langage juridique. --- linguistique --- terminologie --- compétence linguistique --- enseignement des langues --- διδασκαλία ξένων γλωσσών --- språkundervisning --- valodas mācīšana --- ensino de línguas --- sprogundervisning --- nauka języka --- language teaching --- poučevanje jezika --- настава језика --- keeleõpetus --- insegnamento delle lingue --- învățarea limbii --- kieltenopetus --- výuka jazyků --- настава по јазик --- jazykové vzdelávanie --- kalbų mokymas --- taalonderwijs --- múineadh teangacha --- nastava jezika --- nyelvoktatás --- езиково обучение --- tagħlim tal-lingwa --- Sprachunterricht --- mësimdhënia e gjuhëve --- enseñanza de idiomas --- изучување втор јазик --- kalbinis lavinimas --- výučba jazykov --- sproguddannelse --- linguïstische opleiding --- formazione linguistica --- fremmedsprogsundervisning --- språkutbildning --- rozšířená výuka jazyků --- enseñanza de lenguas --- јазична обука --- jazykovka --- nyelvi képzés --- studio delle lingue moderne --- studio di una seconda lingua --- jazykové vyučování --- jazyková výuka --- изучување странски јазик --- trajnim gjuhësor --- jazyková škola --- formação linguística --- vieraiden kielten opetus --- formación lingüística --- linguistic training --- jazykový kurs --- poučavanje jezika --- jazyková třída --- dvojjazyčná třída --- изучување модерни јазици --- učenje stranog jezika --- formation linguistique --- võõrkeeleõpetus --- formare lingvistică --- γλωσσικές σπουδές --- Fremdsprachenunterricht --- јазичен курс --- jazyková příprava --- Sprachausbildung --- language skills --- kalbos mokėjimas --- језичке вештине --- aptitudini lingvistice --- sprogkundskaber --- kielitaito --- keeleoskus --- valodiskās prasmes --- umiejętności językowe --- jazykové zručnosti --- capacidades lingüísticas --- competências linguísticas --- talenkennis --- ħiliet tal-lingwa --- scileanna teanga --- nyelvi készségek --- jezične vještine --- competenze linguistiche --- jezikovne spretnosti in znanja --- språkkunskaper --- езикови умения --- γλωσσικές δεξιότητες --- jazykové dovednosti --- Sprachkenntnisse --- qualificações linguísticas --- Bendra Europos kalbų mokėjimo orientacinė sistema --- kieliä koskeva yhteinen eurooppalainen viitekehys --- znajomość języków obcych --- gemeenschappelijk Europees referentiekader voor talen --- språkfärdigheter --- taalkwalificaties --- užsienio kalbos mokėjimas --- GERS --- quadro comune europeo di riferimento per la conoscenza delle lingue --- conocimiento de una lengua extranjera --- den fælles europæiske referenceramme for sprog --- езикова компетентност --- sprogkompetence --- competencia lingüística --- kompetenza fil-lingwa --- Euroopa keeleõppe raamdokument. Õppimine, õpetamine ja hindamine --- jazykové kvalifikace --- compétences linguistiques --- znalosť cudzieho jazyka --- profiċjenza fil-lingwa --- calificări lingvistice --- γλωσσικά προσόντα --- jezikovna usposobljenost --- compétences en langues étrangères --- CECR --- sprogkvalifikationer --- γνώση ξένων γλωσσών --- jazykové znalosti --- znanje jezikov --- jezična kompetencija --- taalcompetentie --- közös európai nyelvi referenciakeret --- kennis van vreemde talen --- fremmedsproglig kompetence --- Eiropas vienotā valodu prasmes līmeņa noteikšanas sistēma --- kompetenza fil-lingwi barranin --- språkkompetens --- kwalifikacje językowe --- kwalifiki fil-lingwi --- competência em línguas estrangeiras --- Comhchreat Tagartha na hEorpa um Theangacha --- владеене на езици --- competência em línguas --- ОЕРР --- језичке способности --- spoločný európsky referenčný rámec pre jazyky --- QKERL --- connaissances linguistiques --- jezikovne kvalifikacije --- valodu zināšanas --- nyelvtudás --- skupni evropski referenčni okvir za jezike --- taalvaardigheid --- inniúlacht teanga --- γλωσσικές γνώσεις --- společný evropský referenční rámec pro jazyky --- kompetencje językowe --- QCER --- езикова квалификация --- znalost cizího jazyka --- обща европейска референтна рамка за езиците --- Common European Framework of Reference for Languages --- jezične sposobnosti --- poznavanje stranog jezika --- competență lingvistică --- cunoașterea limbilor străine --- competenza nelle lingue straniere --- kalbos mokėjimo lygis --- europejski system opisu kształcenia językowego --- language competence --- den gemensamma europeiska referensramen för språk --- competenza linguistica --- MCER --- QECRL --- biegłość językowa --- jazyková kompetence --- ZEROJ --- qualifiche linguistiche --- Sprachkompetenz --- proficiência linguística --- abilità linguistiche --- SERR --- jazyková kompetencia --- svešvalodu prasme --- CEFR --- sprogfærdigheder --- zajednički europski referentni okvir za jezike --- znanje tujih jezikov --- jezične kvalifikacije --- võõrkeeleoskus --- Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas --- Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas --- jazyková kvalifikácia --- γλωσσική επάρκεια --- cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues --- чуждоезикова компетентност --- vieraiden kielten osaaminen --- Qafas Komuni Ewropew ta' Referenza għal-Lingwi --- Gemeinsamer Europäischer Referenzrahmen für Sprachen --- vieraiden kielten taito --- foreign language competence --- language qualifications --- valodu prasme --- cualificaciones lingüísticas --- idegen nyelvi kompetencia --- Fremdsprachenkompetenz --- κοινό Ευρωπαϊκό Πλαίσιο Αναφοράς για τα γλωσσικά προσόντα --- language proficiency --- CECRL --- cadrul european comun de referință pentru limbi --- Sprachqualifikationen --- terminologji --- terminology --- terminología --- terminoloġija --- ορολογία --- terminologija --- terminologi --- téarmaíocht --- терминологија --- terminologia --- терминология --- nazivlje --- Terminologie --- terminológia --- terminoloogia --- terminoloģija --- odborné názvosloví --- fackord --- Sprachwissenschaft --- lingüística --- lingvistika --- lingwistika --- taalwetenschap --- keeleteadus --- linguística --- kielitiede --- nyelvészet --- teangeolaíocht --- językoznawstwo --- linguistikë --- лингвистика --- kalbotyra --- lingvistică --- jazykověda --- γλωσσολογία --- jezikoslovje --- lingvistik --- linguistica --- linguistics --- граматика --- etümoloogia --- nyelvtan --- spelluta --- γραμματική --- mondattan --- етимология --- lexicologia --- spraakkunst --- pronunciation --- pragmatika --- angewandte Sprachwissenschaft --- nauka o původu slov --- phonetics --- fonetiikka --- наука за јазикот --- morfologie --- правопис --- Etymologie --- pravopis --- Sprechtechnik --- prononciation --- fonētika --- etimologija --- grammatik --- Pragmalinguistik --- dějiny jazyka --- sprogvidenskab --- uttalslära --- ordboksvetenskap --- etymologia --- pisownia --- leksikologija --- leksikologji --- лексикологија --- gramatika --- fonetică --- προφορά --- etimología --- fonética --- λεξικολογία --- fonologie --- litriú --- betydelselära --- filologie --- sémantique --- Rechtschreibung --- Phonetik --- gramatică --- helyesírás --- gramática --- etimoloģija --- tartis --- Grammatik --- grammatika --- etymológia --- etymology --- grammar --- orthographe --- ääntäminen --- etymologi --- alaktan --- etimológia --- lexikológia --- hangtan --- ortografia --- Lexikologie --- syntax --- etimoloġija --- Sprachforschung --- lexicology --- kirjakuju --- Semantik --- szemantika --- semantik --- ortogrāfija --- grammatica --- φωνητική --- valodniecība --- semantiikka --- kielioppi --- leksikoloģija --- σημαντική --- ετυμολογία --- szókincstan --- oikeinkirjoitus --- fonetiek --- semantika --- sémantika --- keeletehnika --- Morphologie --- fonetikë --- lexikologi --- lexicología --- uttal --- beszédtechnika --- uitspraak --- jezikoslovlje --- spelling --- fonetik --- leksikoloogia --- mluvnice --- pronuncia --- semántica --- izgovor --- ljudlära --- semantica --- pronunciação --- semântica --- shqiptim --- pronúncia --- semantikë --- ορθογραφία --- phonétique --- matematická lingvistika --- étymologie --- stavemåde --- pronunciación --- výslovnosť --- etymologie --- taalkunde --- jazykozpyt --- udtale --- ortografía --- ortografie --- allmän språkvetenskap --- semantics --- semantiek --- fonetica --- etimologie --- linguïstiek --- rašyba --- Linguistik --- lessicologia --- leksikologi --- foneetika --- fonetika --- stavning --- gramatikë --- sanasto-oppi --- etimologia --- sanasaíocht --- semantică --- grammaire --- jelentéstan --- семантика --- morfológia --- aplikovaná lingvistika --- lexicologie