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A trenchant case for a novel philosophical position: that our political thinking is driven less by commitments to freedom or fairness than by an aversion to hierarchy.Niko Kolodny argues that, to a far greater extent than we recognize, our political thinking is driven by a concern to avoid relations of inferiority. In order to make sense of the most familiar ideas in our political thought and discourse—the justification of the state, democracy, and rule of law, as well as objections to paternalism and corruption—we cannot merely appeal to freedom, as libertarians do, or to distributive fairness, as liberals do. We must instead appeal directly to claims against inferiority—to the conviction that no one should stand above or below.The problem of justifying the state, for example, is often billed as the problem of reconciling the state with the freedom of the individual. Yet, Kolodny argues, once we press hard enough on worries about the state’s encroachment on the individual, we end up in opposition not to unfreedom but to social hierarchy. To make his case, Kolodny takes inspiration from two recent trends in philosophical thought: on the one hand, the revival of the republican and Kantian traditions, with their focus on domination and dependence; on the other, relational egalitarianism, with its focus on the effects of the distribution of income and wealth on our social relations.The Pecking Order offers a detailed account of relations of inferiority in terms of objectionable asymmetries of power, authority, and regard. Breaking new ground, Kolodny looks ahead to specific kinds of democratic institutions that could safeguard against such relations.

Philosophy and social sciences. --- Political science --- Social stratification --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy. --- autonomy. --- choice. --- citizenship. --- coercion. --- consideration. --- control. --- discrimination. --- elections. --- equal treatment. --- esteem. --- force. --- gerrymandering. --- inequality. --- influence. --- john rawls. --- justice. --- legitimacy. --- liberty. --- majority rule. --- opportunity. --- rights. --- voting.

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Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? The Silent Sex shows how the gender composition and rules of a deliberative body dramatically affect who speaks, how the group interacts, the kinds of issues the group takes up, whose voices prevail, and what the group ultimately decides. It argues that efforts to improve the representation of women will fall short unless they address institutional rules that impede women's voices. Using groundbreaking experimental research supplemented with analysis of school boards, Christopher Karpowitz and Tali Mendelberg demonstrate how the effects of rules depend on women's numbers, so that small numbers are not fatal with a consensus process, but consensus is not always beneficial when there are large numbers of women. Men and women enter deliberative settings facing different expectations about their influence and authority. Karpowitz and Mendelberg reveal how the wrong institutional rules can exacerbate women's deficit of authority while the right rules can close it, and, in the process, establish more cooperative norms of group behavior and more generous policies for the disadvantaged. Rules and numbers have far-reaching implications for the representation of women and their interests. Bringing clarity and insight to one of today's most contentious debates, The Silent Sex provides important new findings on ways to bring women's voices into the conversation on matters of common concern.

Corporate meetings. --- Women. --- Social participation. --- Social interaction. --- Social groups. --- Social psychology. --- Mendelberg, Tali. --- American politics. --- American women. --- advanced economies. --- all-female groups. --- authoritative representation. --- authority. --- children. --- civic activists. --- civic organizations. --- class privileges. --- compassion issues. --- confidence. --- confident participants. --- consensus process. --- cooperation. --- decision making. --- decision-making groups. --- deliberation. --- deliberative democracy. --- democracy. --- descriptive representation. --- disadvantaged groups. --- education. --- efficacy. --- ethnicity. --- female citizens. --- gender composition. --- gender differences. --- gender gap. --- gender. --- government intervention. --- group behaviour. --- group interaction. --- group-level factors. --- income redistribution. --- inequality. --- influence. --- international speakers. --- justice. --- lower confidence. --- majority rule. --- majority-rule meetings. --- meetings. --- men. --- minorities. --- minority status. --- mixed-gender combinations. --- modern America. --- political participation. --- politics. --- poor populations. --- poverty. --- public affairs. --- race. --- representation. --- school boards. --- second-class citizens. --- silent sex. --- social group. --- solidarity. --- speech. --- substantive representation. --- symbolic representation. --- taxes. --- women. --- Corporate meetings --- Women --- Social participation --- Social interaction --- Social groups --- Social psychology

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This Reprint Book highlights and overviews the most important and novel aspects of chiral auxiliary and chirogenesis in different natural/physical sciences and in modern technologies. In particular, some newly emerging classes of molecules used for these purposes have been described. Furthermore, some important experimental and theoretical issues associated with the chirality field have been addressed. This book consists of one review article and six research papers and is of interest for general chemistry readership, including graduate and post-graduate students, and for researchers specializing in the fields of chirality and stereochemistry

Research & information: general --- pillar[5]arene --- planar chirality --- chiral resolution --- racemization kinetics --- supramolecular chemistry --- self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism (SIDA) --- enantiomeric analysis --- molecular association --- NMR --- diffusion --- molecular chirality --- self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) --- indole --- asymmetric synthesis --- organocatalysis --- transition-metal catalysis --- C-N bond formation --- enantioselective --- heterocycles --- porphyrinoids --- multinuclear complexes --- chiral ligands --- circular dichroism --- paramagnetic NMR --- magnetochemistry --- porphyrin --- guanidine --- host–guest binding --- chirality --- DFT --- TD-DFT simulation --- induced optical activity --- stereodynamic chirality probe --- exciton coupling --- circularly polarized luminescence --- sergeants-and-soldiers --- majority-rule --- polysilane --- polyfluorenevinylene --- polyfluorene --- mirror symmetry breaking --- parity violation --- n/a --- host-guest binding

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This Reprint Book highlights and overviews the most important and novel aspects of chiral auxiliary and chirogenesis in different natural/physical sciences and in modern technologies. In particular, some newly emerging classes of molecules used for these purposes have been described. Furthermore, some important experimental and theoretical issues associated with the chirality field have been addressed. This book consists of one review article and six research papers and is of interest for general chemistry readership, including graduate and post-graduate students, and for researchers specializing in the fields of chirality and stereochemistry

pillar[5]arene --- planar chirality --- chiral resolution --- racemization kinetics --- supramolecular chemistry --- self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism (SIDA) --- enantiomeric analysis --- molecular association --- NMR --- diffusion --- molecular chirality --- self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) --- indole --- asymmetric synthesis --- organocatalysis --- transition-metal catalysis --- C-N bond formation --- enantioselective --- heterocycles --- porphyrinoids --- multinuclear complexes --- chiral ligands --- circular dichroism --- paramagnetic NMR --- magnetochemistry --- porphyrin --- guanidine --- host–guest binding --- chirality --- DFT --- TD-DFT simulation --- induced optical activity --- stereodynamic chirality probe --- exciton coupling --- circularly polarized luminescence --- sergeants-and-soldiers --- majority-rule --- polysilane --- polyfluorenevinylene --- polyfluorene --- mirror symmetry breaking --- parity violation --- n/a --- host-guest binding

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Individual decision making can often be wrong due to misinformation, impulses, or biases. Collective decision making, on the other hand, can be surprisingly accurate. In Democratic Reason, Hélène Landemore demonstrates that the very factors behind the superiority of collective decision making add up to a strong case for democracy. She shows that the processes and procedures of democratic decision making form a cognitive system that ensures that decisions taken by the many are more likely to be right than decisions taken by the few. Democracy as a form of government is therefore valuable not only because it is legitimate and just, but also because it is smart. Landemore considers how the argument plays out with respect to two main mechanisms of democratic politics: inclusive deliberation and majority rule. In deliberative settings, the truth-tracking properties of deliberation are enhanced more by inclusiveness than by individual competence. Landemore explores this idea in the contexts of representative democracy and the selection of representatives. She also discusses several models for the "wisdom of crowds" channeled by majority rule, examining the trade-offs between inclusiveness and individual competence in voting. When inclusive deliberation and majority rule are combined, they beat less inclusive methods, in which one person or a small group decide. Democratic Reason thus establishes the superiority of democracy as a way of making decisions for the common good.

Democracy. --- Democracy --- Majorities. --- Philosophy. --- Elections --- Representative government and representation --- Voting --- Minorities --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Republics --- Majorities --- Philosophy --- E-books --- Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. --- Condorcet Jury Theorem. --- Miracle of Aggregation. --- authoritarian objection. --- cognitive artifacts. --- cognitive diversity. --- collective decision making. --- collective decision. --- collective intelligence. --- collective prediction. --- contemporary democratic theory. --- counters. --- critical literature survey. --- crowdsourcing. --- deliberation. --- democracy. --- democratic decision making. --- democratic deliberation. --- democratic institutions. --- democratic intelligence. --- democratic norms. --- democratic politics. --- democratic reason. --- democratic theory. --- democratic unreason. --- descriptive representation. --- dialogical deliberation. --- doctrinal paradox. --- dumb many. --- elected enlightened. --- epistemic democracy. --- epistemic failures. --- epistemic improvements. --- epistemic performance. --- fact. --- group polarization. --- human decision making. --- inclusive deliberation. --- incompetent multitude. --- individual decision making. --- individual reason. --- informational free riding. --- judgment aggregation. --- majority rule. --- maze. --- metaethical views. --- political cognitivism. --- political incompetence. --- politics. --- random lotteries. --- social cognitive artifacts. --- systematic biases. --- talkers. --- theory of reasoning. --- transformative epistemic properties. --- value. --- voting paradox. --- voting.