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While Myanmar's constitution under which the current government of President Thein Sein was created in 2011 has all the characteristics expected of a modern republic, the continued autonomy and political role of the armed forces are perceived by opponents of the regime as an anomaly. Despite this apparent anomaly, the speed and thoroughness with which the transition from military authoritarian rule to most, if not all, of the features expected of a system of "democratic" rule has surprised most observers and analysts of the current Myanmar situation. The root of their surprise comes from their seeing the transformation as being driven by either endogenous or exogenous forces outside the historical experience and understandings of the leadership of the Myanmar armed forces.However, it is in the history of the armed forces and its role in protecting the state from threats to its internal security, territorial integrity, and external security that the basis of the transformation can be found. Also, ensuring the continued viability of the armed forces and the security of its leadership and integrity is also a continuous concern. The twenty years between the annulled 1990 general election won by the NLD, and the 2010 general election, boycotted by the NLD and won by the army-generated USDP, were spent by the armed forces creating the conditions which allowed the later transition from military to constitutional rule to take place.
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Ideology --- Political aspects. --- Political Ideology --- Philosophical Essay.
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The Ideology of Democratism argues that history's most vocal champions of democracy from Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Jefferson to John Rawls put forth an interpretation of democracy that effectively transforms the meaning of "rule by the people" into its opposite. Making use of democratic language and claiming to speak for the people, politicians, philosophers, academics, religious, and many others advocate a more "complete" and "genuine" form of democracy that in practice has little regard for the actual popular will. This way of conceiving of democracy, which constitutes an entire view of life and politics, has been and remains a powerful influence in America and leading Western European nations and their colonial satellites. This book defines and describes the ideology of democratism through a look at some of its major historical contributors, including Rousseau, Jefferson, Woodrow Wilson, Jacques Maritain, Jürgen Habermas, John Rawls, and prominent figures in the George W. Bush administration. The findings of this book suggest that to the great political "isms" of the past two centuries must be added another of equal scope: democratism.
Political science --- Methodology. --- America --- political ideology --- Democracy --- History.
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What does it mean to design democratic cities and democratic citizens in a time of mass urbanization and volatile political transformation? Citizen Designs: City-Making and Democracy in Northeastern Thailand addresses this question by exploring the ways that democratic urban planning projects intersect with emerging political aspirations among squatters living in the northeastern Thai city of Khon Kaen. Based on ethnographic and historical research conducted since 2007, Citizen Designs describes how residents of Khon Kaen’s railway squatter communities used Thailand’s experiment in participatory urban planning as a means of reimagining their citizenship, remaking their communities, and acting upon their aspirations for political equality and the good life. It also shows how the Thai state used participatory planning and design to manage both situated political claims and emerging politics. Through ethnographic analysis of contentious collaborations between residents, urban activists, state planners, participatory architects, and city officials, Eli Elinoff’s analysis reveals how the Khon Kaen’s railway settlements became sites of contestation over political inclusion and the meaning and value of democracy as a political form in the first decades of the twenty-first century. Elinoff examines how as residents embraced politics to enact their equality, they inspired new debates about what good citizenship might mean and how democracy might look and feel. The disagreements over citizenship, like those Elinoff describes in Khon Kaen, reflect the kinds of aspirations for political equality that have been fundamental to Thailand’s political transformation over the last two decades, which has seen new political actors asserting themselves at the ballot box and in the streets alongside the retrenchment of military authoritarianism. Citizen Designs offers new conceptual and empirical insights into the lived effects of Thailand’s political volatility and into the current moment of democratic ambivalence, mass urbanization, and authoritarian resurgence.
City planning --- Squatters --- Citizen participation. --- Political aspects --- Political activity --- Southeast Asia. --- anthropology. --- architecture, sociology. --- political ideology. --- political science.
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Over the past thirty years, the world's patent systems have experienced pressure from civil society like never before. From farmers to patient advocates, new voices are arguing that patents impact public health, economic inequality, morality-and democracy. These challenges, to domains that we usually consider technical and legal, may seem surprising. But in Patent Politics, Shobita Parthasarathy argues that patent systems have always been deeply political and social. To demonstrate this, Parthasarathy takes readers through a particularly fierce and prolonged set of controversies over patents on life forms linked to important advances in biology and agriculture and potentially life-saving medicines. Comparing battles over patents on animals, human embryonic stem cells, human genes, and plants in the United States and Europe, she shows how political culture, ideology, and history shape patent system politics. Clashes over whose voices and which values matter in the patent system, as well as what counts as knowledge and whose expertise is important, look quite different in these two places. And through these debates, the United States and Europe are developing very different approaches to patent and innovation governance. Not just the first comprehensive look at the controversies swirling around biotechnology patents, Patent Politics is also the first in-depth analysis of the political underpinnings and implications of modern patent systems, and provides a timely analysis of how we can reform these systems around the world to maximize the public interest.
Biotechnology --- Patent laws and legislation --- Patent laws and legislation --- Bioethics --- Bioethics --- History. --- History. --- biotechnology. --- comparison. --- controversy. --- expertise. --- innovation. --- morality. --- patent. --- political culture. --- political ideology. --- science and technology policy.
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Under Representation shows how the founding texts of aesthetic philosophy ground the racial order of the modern world in our concepts of universality, freedom, and humanity. In taking on the relation of aesthetics to race, Lloyd challenges the absence of sustained thought about race in postcolonial studies, as well as the lack of sustained attention to aesthetics in critical race theory.Late Enlightenment discourse on aesthetic experience proposes a decisive account of the conditions of possibility for universal human subjecthood. The aesthetic forges a powerful “racial regime of representation” whose genealogy runs from enlightenment thinkers like Kant and Schiller to late modernist critics like Adorno and Benjamin. For aesthetic philosophy, representation is not just about depiction of diverse humans or inclusion in political or cultural institutions. It is an activity that undergirds the various spheres of human practice and theory, from the most fundamental acts of perception and reflection to the relation of the subject to the political, the economic, and the social.Representation regulates the distribution of racial identifications along a developmental trajectory: The racialized remain “under representation,” on the threshold of humanity and not yet capable of freedom and civility as aesthetic thought defines those attributes. To ignore the aesthetic is thus to overlook its continuing force in the formation of the racial and political structures down to the present. Across five chapters, Under Representation investigates the aesthetic foundations of modern political subjectivity; race and the sublime; the logic of assimilation and the stereotype; the subaltern critique of representation; and the place of magic and the primitive in modernist concepts of art, aura and representation.Both a genealogy and an account of our present, Under Representation ultimately helps show how a political reading of aesthetics can help us build a racial politics adequate for the problems we face today, one that stakes claims more radical than multicultural demands for representation.
Aesthetics --- Minorities. --- Aesthetics. --- Frantz Fanon. --- Friedrich Schiller. --- Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. --- Immanuel Kant. --- Karl Marx. --- Philosophy of Race. --- Political Ideology. --- Representation. --- Theodor Adorno. --- Walter Benjamin. --- Political aspects.
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This work recounts the history of the Rapp-Coudert investigation into communist subversion in the public schools and municipal colleges of New York City, lasting from 1940 to 1942. This study explores how prominent depression-era liberals, as they joined in accusing Communists of 'bad faith' and branded them enemies of American democracy, anticipated and made McCarthyism possible.
Anti-communist movements --- Communism and education --- Community colleges --- Public schools --- History --- New York (State). --- 1940s. --- McCarthyism. --- New York City school system. --- Rapp-Coudert investigation. --- Red Scare. --- anti-communist liberalism. --- anticommunism. --- political ideology. --- teachers unions. --- the union movement.
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This study investigates how government ideology matters for the success of World Bank economic policy loans, which typically support market-liberalizing reforms. A simple model predicts that World Bank staff will invest more effort in designing an economic policy loan when faced with a left-wing government. Empirically, estimates from a Heckman selection model show that the quality at entry of an economic policy loan is significantly higher for governments with a left-wing party orientation. This result is robust to changes in the sample, alternative measures of ideology, different estimation techniques and the inclusion of additional control variables. Next, robust findings from estimating a recursive triangular system of equations indicate that leftist governments comply more fully with loan agreements. Results also suggest that World Bank resources are more productive-in terms of reform success-in the design of policy operations than in their supervision. Anecdotal evidence from several country cases is consistent with the finding that left-wing governments receive higher quality loans.
Banks & Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Development policy lending --- Economic Adjustment and Lending --- Economic Theory & Research --- Heckman selection model --- Political ideology --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Social Development --- Triangular system of equations --- World Bank
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The political materialities of borders aims to bring questions of materiality to bear specifically on the study of borders. In doing this, the contributors have chosen an approach that does not presume the material aspect of borders but rather explores the ways in which any such materiality comes into being. Through ethnographic and philosophical explorations of the ontology of borders from the perspective of materiality, this volume seeks to throw light on the interaction between the materiality of state borders and the non-material aspects of state-making. This enables, it is shown, a new understanding of borders as productive of the politics of materiality, on which both the state project rests, including in its multifarious forms in thepost-nation-state era. -- .
Boundaries --- Political aspects. --- Europe. --- Jacques Derrida. --- Walter Benjamin. --- anthropology. --- border-as-process. --- borders. --- conflict. --- materiality. --- migration. --- nationalism. --- philosophy. --- political anthropology. --- political ideology. --- polity borders border-ness. --- southern Europe. --- state apparatus. --- state borders. --- trace.
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