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The consumer price index (CPI) measures the rate at which the prices of consumer goods and services are changing over time. It is a key statistic for economic and social policymaking and has substantial and wide-ranging implications for governments, businesses, and households. This important and comprehensive Manual provides guidelines for statistical offices and other agencies responsible for constructing CPIs, and explains in-depth the methods that are used to calculate a CPI. It also examines the underlying economic and statistical concepts and principles needed for making choices in efficient and cost-effective ways, and for appreciating the full implications of those choices.

Investments: Commodities --- Infrastructure --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Commodity Markets --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data --- Data Access --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Finance --- Insurance & actuarial studies --- Price indexes --- Consumer price indexes --- Consumption --- Expenditure --- Commodities --- Economics --- Saving and investment --- Expenditures, Public --- Prices --- United States

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By combating malaria with mosquito nets or building schools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropy is helping transform the developing world. Rich donors are devoting fortunes—many of them earned through computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism— to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementing and in some cases surpassing official aid channels.From billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans of capitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whether financing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying up Amazon rain forest to protect the environment, philanthropists are supporting innovations and new approaches that are changing lives and building dreams.This issue of F&D looks at the world of targeted giving and social entrepreneurship.“ Philanthropy’s role is to get things started,” says Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s most generous giver. “We used foundation funds to set up a system to make market forces work in favor of the poor.” He says that catalytic philanthropy can make a big difference. “Good ideas need evangelists. Forgotten communities need advocates.” Former U.S. President Bill Clinton tells us that networks of creative cooperation between government, business, and civil society can get things done better to solve the world’s most pressing problems.Also in this issue, Prakash Loungani profiles superstar economist Jeffrey Sachs, who helped campaign for debt relief for developing economies and championed the Millennium Development Goals. We look at how, instead of spending commodity price windfalls on physical investments, which are often sources of corruption, governments of poor countries are sometimes well advised to hand some of the income over to their citizens. We examine moves by major central banks to ease our way out of the crisis enveloping advanced economies in our Data Spotlight column, and we hear about how China’s growth inspires creativity in the West.

Inflation --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Commodity Markets --- Labor Demand --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Finance --- Public finance & taxation --- Poverty & precarity --- Income inequality --- Self-employment --- Poverty --- Prices --- Income distribution --- Self-employed --- Labor economics --- United States

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The rapid increase in international trade and financial integration over the past decade and the growing importance of emerging markets in world trade and GDP have inspired the IMF to place stronger emphasis on multilateral surveillance, macro-financial linkages, and the implications of globalization. The IMF's Consultative Group on Exchange Rate Issues (CGER)--formed in the mid-1990s to provide exchange rate assessments for a number of advanced economies from a multilateral perspective--has therefore broadened its mandate to cover both key advanced economies and major emerging market economies. This Occasional Paper summarizes the methodologies that underpin the expanded analysis.

Corporations -- Finance -- Mathematical models. --- Financial crises -- Mathematical models. --- Foreign exchange rates -- Mathematical models. --- International monetary fund. -- Coordinating group on exchange rate Issues. --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Current account balance --- Current account --- Real exchange rates --- Foreign assets --- Exchange rate assessments --- Balance of payments --- Investments, Foreign --- Balance of trade --- International finance --- United States

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The proposed SDN would take stock of the current debate on the shape that monetary policy should take after the crisis. It revisits the pros and cons of expanding the objectives of monetary policy, the merits of turning unconventional policies into conventional ones, how to make monetary policy frameworks more resilient to the risk of being constrained by the zero-lower bound going forward, and the institutional challenges to preserve central bank independence with regards to monetary policy, while allowing adequate government oversight over central banks’ new responsibilities. It will draw policy conclusions where consensus has been reached, and highlight the areas where more work is needed to get more granular policy advice.

Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Inflation --- Policy Objectives --- Policy Designs and Consistency --- Policy Coordination --- International Policy Coordination and Transmission --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Price Level --- Deflation --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banking --- Finance --- Macroeconomics --- Financial sector stability --- Zero lower bound --- Central bank policy rate --- Banks and banking --- Interest rates --- Prices --- Financial services industry --- United States

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Cracks in the System: World Economy Under Stress explores the rapidly changing institutional and policymaking landscape around a financial crisis that now threatens a deep and prolonged global recession. The lead article looks at how the world got into the mess and what to do about it, both now and over the medium term. Other articles review options for changing the rules of world finance, examine the case for modernizing the way countries coordinate their policies, and try to draw some lessons from past financial crises. The "other crisis" of high food and fuel prices is also assessed, as the effects extend past the mid-2008 price peak. "People in Economics" profiles Robert Shiller; "Picture This" illustrates how middle-income economies can reach high-income status; "Back to Basics" looks at all the components that make up gross national product; and "Country Focus" spotlights Saudi Arabia.

Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Real Estate --- Financial Crises --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Property & real estate --- Poverty & precarity --- Finance --- Housing prices --- Credit --- Financial crises --- Asset prices --- Banking --- Prices --- Housing --- Poverty --- United States