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In nearly every major financial crisis of the past decade-from East Asia to Russia, Turkey, and Latin America-political interference in financial sector regulation helped make a bad situation worse. Political pressures not only weakened financial regulation, but also hindered regulators and supervisors from taking action against troubled banks. This paper investigates why, to fulfill their mandate to preserve financial sector stability, financial sector regulators and supervisors need to be independent-from the financial services industry as well as from the government-as well as accountable.

Financial risk management.

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Recovery from the deepest recession in 60 years has started. But sustaining it will require delicate rebalancing acts, both within and across countries. IMF chief economist Olivier Blanchard writes in our lead article that the turnaround will not be simple. The crisis has left deep scars that will affect both supply and demand for many years to come. This issue of F&D also looks at what’s next in the global crisis and beyond. We look at ways of unwinding crisis support, the shape of growth worldwide after the crisis, ways of rebuilding the financial architecture, and the future of reserve currencies. Jeffrey Frankel examines what’s in and what’s out in global money, while a team from the IMF’s Research Department looks at what early warning systems can be expected to deliver in spotting future problems. In our regular People in Economics profile, we speak to Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman, whose work led to the creation of the field of behavioral economics, and our Picture This feature gives a timeline of how the Bank of England’s policy rate has fallen to its lowest level in 300 years. Back to Basics gives a primer on monetary policy, and Data Spotlight looks at how the crisis has affected the eastern European banking system.

Banks and Banking --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Social Services and Welfare --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Financial Crises --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Labour --- income economics --- Financial crises --- Currencies --- Early warning systems --- Labor --- Banks and banking --- Money --- Poverty --- Crisis management --- United States

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Finance & Development, September 2020.

Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Environmental Economics --- Diseases: Contagious --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Health Behavior --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Health: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Finance --- Climate change --- Health economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Health --- COVID-19 --- Education --- Public debt --- Communicable diseases --- Climatic changes --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- United States

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The IMF's 2011 Annual Report chronicles the response of the Fund's Executive Board and staff to the global financial crisis and other events during financial year 2011, which covers the period from May 1, 2010, through April 30, 2011. The print version of the Report is available in eight languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish), along with a CD-ROM (available in English only) that includes the Report text and ancillary materials, including the Fund's Financial Statements for FY2011.

Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Budgeting & financial management --- International monetary system --- Financial sector --- Debt relief --- Budget planning and preparation --- Capital flows --- Financial services industry --- International finance --- Debts, External --- Budget --- Auditing --- United States

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The 2007 Annual Report to the Board of Governors reviews the IMF's activities and policies during the financial year (May 1, 2006, through April 30, 2007). This year's Report has been streamlined and translated into three more languages than in the past: Arabic, Japanese, and Russian. Besides an Overview, the chapters cover promoting financial and macroeconomic stability and growth through surveillance; program support; capacity building: technical assistance and training; and the IMF's governance, organization, and finances. The full financial statements for the year and other appendixes are provided on a CD-ROM. ISSN 0250-7498.

Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Labor Economics: General --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Finance --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Labor --- Financial sector --- Debt relief --- Emerging and frontier financial markets --- Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) --- Financial services industry --- Labor economics --- Debts, External --- Money laundering --- Income --- United States