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This book deals with the nationalization of the bank sector in the context of the Portuguese revolutionary process of 1974-75. Based on a vast collection of documentary sources and inspired by a set of theoretical tools developed by Mario Tronti, Walter Benjamin and Michel Foucault, it starts with an inescapable interrogation: how could a measure that was not included in the Armed Forces Movement Program and had such considerable implications, both in the short and in the long term, obtained enough support to be included in the Constitution as an irreversible conquest of the working class? The response developed in the following pages establishes an articulation between social conflicts and political economy, identifying it as the centre of gravity of the process that would lead to the nationalization of the bank sector. In this sense, it analyzes the way in which social struggles contributed to a process of cumulative radicalization, initiated at the end of the Estado Novo and which would gain increasing intensity throughout the revolutionary process. At the same time, it seeks to understand why the diagnosis of the economic situation contributed to polarize the political struggle, by mapping the lines of force of a debate that underwent successive declinations and covered different aspects, such as inflation, labour laws or property relations. In a context of economic and revolutionary crisis, the banking sector became a critical point in the capital-labour relation: credit concession would take on decisive importance after 25 April, with labour-unions accusing bankers of pursuing destabilization strategies associated with the practice of "economic sabotage"; in the wake of its nationalization, in turn, government officials, managers and trade-unionists sought to put "the banks at the service of the people", in the context of a brief experience of "socialist transition" that would make its way into the text of the Constitution. The case of the bank sector is therefore a privileged interpretative-key to identify the set of problems and the horizon of possibilities that dominated the historical conjuncture following the 25th of April. This book is a contribution to the maturation of the historiographical field dedicated to the interpretation of the revolutionary process of 1975-75, establishing a critical dialogue with the works that have been produced on the subject over the last years.

Portugal --- European history --- 20th century history: c 1900 to c 2000 --- Revolutions, uprisings, rebellions --- Public ownership / nationalization --- Nationalizations --- Banks --- Portuguese Revolution --- Social Conflicts --- Political Economy --- Nacionalizações --- Bancos --- Revolução Portuguesa --- Conflitos Sociais --- Economia Política --- Economic policy.

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This book challenges conventional wisdom about bullfighting. With an innovative approach, based on the work of Norbert Elias, the author argues bullfight is the result of the interaction between transformations of society and decisions that aim to create bullfighting rules. In the course of history, bullfighting became civilized, that is, pacified, in the sense that the level of self-control in the conduct and emotions of both bullfighters and public increased. This does not mean that violence has disappeared, but that it has acquired new traits. This historical path, from the 15th century to the present, is reconstructed in these pages by analyzing bullfighting in Portugal through the viewpoint of the regulation of violence, its public exposure and its relationship with the population's patterns of behavior and sensitivity. Este livro desafia a sabedoria convencional acerca das corridas de touros. Com uma abordagem inovadora, a partir da obra de Norbert Elias, defende que a tourada é o resultado da interação entre as transformações da sociedade e as decisões que visam criar regras sobre a lide do touro. No decurso da história, a corrida de touros civilizou-se, ou seja, pacificou-se, no sentido em que foi aumentando o nível de autocontrolo na conduta e nas emoções quer dos toureiros quer do público. Tal não significa que a violência tenha desaparecido, mas sim que adquiriu novas faces e contornos. Este percurso histórico, desde o século xv até à atualidade, é reconstruído nestas páginas analisando a corrida de touros em Portugal através do prisma da regulação da violência, da sua exposição pública e da sua relação com os padrões de comportamento e de sensibilidade da população.

Social & cultural history --- European history --- Early modern history: c 1450/1500 to c 1700 --- 20th century history: c 1900 to c 2000 --- Portugal --- bulfighting history --- historical sociology --- Norbert Elias --- história da tourada --- sociologia histórica --- HBTB --- HBJD --- HBLC1 --- HBLH --- HBLW