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In nearly every major financial crisis of the past decade-from East Asia to Russia, Turkey, and Latin America-political interference in financial sector regulation helped make a bad situation worse. Political pressures not only weakened financial regulation, but also hindered regulators and supervisors from taking action against troubled banks. This paper investigates why, to fulfill their mandate to preserve financial sector stability, financial sector regulators and supervisors need to be independent-from the financial services industry as well as from the government-as well as accountable.

Financial risk management.

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Recovery from the deepest recession in 60 years has started. But sustaining it will require delicate rebalancing acts, both within and across countries. IMF chief economist Olivier Blanchard writes in our lead article that the turnaround will not be simple. The crisis has left deep scars that will affect both supply and demand for many years to come. This issue of F&D also looks at what’s next in the global crisis and beyond. We look at ways of unwinding crisis support, the shape of growth worldwide after the crisis, ways of rebuilding the financial architecture, and the future of reserve currencies. Jeffrey Frankel examines what’s in and what’s out in global money, while a team from the IMF’s Research Department looks at what early warning systems can be expected to deliver in spotting future problems. In our regular People in Economics profile, we speak to Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman, whose work led to the creation of the field of behavioral economics, and our Picture This feature gives a timeline of how the Bank of England’s policy rate has fallen to its lowest level in 300 years. Back to Basics gives a primer on monetary policy, and Data Spotlight looks at how the crisis has affected the eastern European banking system.

Finance. --- International finance. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Banks and Banking --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Social Services and Welfare --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Financial Crises --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Labour --- income economics --- Financial crises --- Currencies --- Early warning systems --- Labor --- Banks and banking --- Money --- Poverty --- Crisis management --- United States

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The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, launched in 1999 by the IMF and the World Bank, was the first coordinated effort by the international financial community to reduce the foreign debt of the world’s poorest countries. It was based on the theory that economic growth in heavily indebted poor countries was being stifled by heavy debt burdens, making it virtually impossible for these countries to escape poverty. However, most of the empirical research on the effects of debt on growth has lumped together a diverse group of countries, and the literature on the countries’ impact of debt on poor is scant. This pamphlet presents the findings of the authors’ empirical research into the subject, analyzing the channels through which debt affects growth in low-income countries.

Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Finance --- Public investment spending --- External debt --- Debt service --- Debt relief --- Public debt --- Public investments --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Lao People's Democratic Republic

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The IMF's 2011 Annual Report chronicles the response of the Fund's Executive Board and staff to the global financial crisis and other events during financial year 2011, which covers the period from May 1, 2010, through April 30, 2011. The print version of the Report is available in eight languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish), along with a CD-ROM (available in English only) that includes the Report text and ancillary materials, including the Fund's Financial Statements for FY2011.

Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Budgeting & financial management --- International monetary system --- Financial sector --- Debt relief --- Budget planning and preparation --- Capital flows --- Financial services industry --- International finance --- Debts, External --- Budget --- Auditing --- United States

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The IMF's 2009 Annual Report chronicles the response of the Fund's Executive Board and staff to the global financial crisis and other events during financial year 2009, which covers the period from May 1, 2008, through April 30, 2009. The print version of the Report is available in eight languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish), along with a CD-ROM (available in English only) that includes the Report text and ancillary materials, including the Fund's Financial Statements for FY2009.

Budgeting --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Financial Crises --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Finance --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Labour --- income economics --- Budgeting & financial management --- Social welfare & social services --- Financial crises --- Budget planning and preparation --- Human capital --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Financial services industry --- Budget --- Poverty --- United States