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Comment New York, capitale du crime, est-elle devenue une ville sécuritaire en quelques mois au milieu des années Iggo ? Continent une marque de chaussures has been a-t-elle reconquis le marché mondial de la mode à partir de quelques clubs branchés de Manhattan ? Comment expliquer les "épidémies" de suicides en Micronésie ?... Le point de bascule est l'histoire d'une idée toute simple: la meilleure façon de comprendre l'émergence des modes, la baisse de la criminalité, la naissance des best-sellers, l'augmentatiou du tabagisme chez les adolescents, le phénomène du bouche à oreille, ou tout autre changement a priori mystérieux, consiste à les concevoir comme des épidémies. Et rien ne résiste à l'analyse de Malcolm Cladwell : mode, marketing, idéologie religieuse, société de haute technologie. pas même la Révolution américaine! Retraçant la genèse de quelques succès retentissants, il montre que des changements mineurs, mintuieuseineul planifiés, peuvent provoquer de véritables épidémies sociales. Dans tous les cas, un oiseau rare, un principe d'adhérence qui rende un tressage "contagieux", et un contexte tavorable suffisent à déclencher l'épidémie. Quel que soit le domaine: continent provoquer un effet boule de neige.

Social psychology --- Context effects (Psychology) --- Causation --- Imitation --- Rumor --- Viral marketing --- Psychologie sociale --- Effets de contexte (Psychologie) --- Causalité --- Rumeur --- Marketing viral --- Contagion (Social psychology) --- Causalité

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Hens in a group usually synchronize dustbathing, such that when one hen starts to dustbathe she will often be joined by others. The sight of another hen dustbathing could thus possibly act as a stimulus increasing motivation for dustbathing, with important implications for hens in furnished cages, where the size of the dustbath normally allows only one hen to dustbathe at a time. If a hen is more motivated to dustbathe when she can see another hen dustbathing but she cannot get access to the litter since the dustbath is occupied, frustration may arise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of social stimuli on dustbathing motivation. Pairs of hens were exposed to one of three stimuli while being thwarted of dustbathing and they were thereafter given access to dustbathing material. The stimuli were (1) the sight of other hens dustbathing (DB-HEN), (2) the sight of a dustbath with other hens not dustbathing (NODB-HEN) and (3) the sight of a dustbath only (NO-HEN). Twelve pairs of hens were tested both deprived and non-deprived of litter in a balanced withinsubject design. Irrespective of deprivation state, hens walked more and spent more time facing the stimulus in DB-HEN than in NO-HEN, and when they were not deprived they also walked more in DB-HEN than in NODB-HEN. Subsequent dustbathing behaviour when hens were given access to litter after the stimulus exposure was unaffected by the type of stimuli. We suggested that subtle effects of social stimuli on dustbathing motivation may have been masked by the effect of long litter deprivation and that it may be important for the birds to be able to join the stimulus birds to dustbathe together. For these reasons we repeated the experiment with individual hens and with a shorter litter deprivation time and a shorter stimulus exposure, after which the test hen was allowed to join the stimulus hen. Furthermore, in this second experiment hens were tested only in DB-HEN and NODB-HEN treatments. We found more

Access. --- Battery cages. --- Behavior. --- Behaviour. --- Bird. --- Boxes. --- Burmese red junglefowl. --- Cage. --- Causation. --- Deprivation. --- Design. --- Domestic-fowl. --- Dustbathing. --- Experiment. --- Exposure. --- Facilitation. --- Frustration. --- Group. --- Hen. --- Hens. --- Laying hen. --- Laying hens. --- Motivation. --- Perception. --- Poultry. --- Preening. --- Size. --- Social facilitation. --- Social. --- Stimuli. --- Stimulus. --- Test. --- Time. --- Treatment. --- Walking.

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Developmental biology --- Embryology, Human --- Disease susceptibility --- Prenatal influences --- Diseases --- Developmental biology. --- Disease susceptibility. --- Embryology, Human. --- Prenatal influences. --- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects. --- Causes and theories of causation --- Causes and theories of causation. --- Developmental Biology. --- Disease Susceptibility. --- Susceptibility, Disease --- Diathesis --- Diatheses --- Disease Susceptibilities --- Susceptibilities, Disease --- Late Effects, Prenatal Exposure --- Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure --- Biology, Developmental --- Human embryology --- Aetiology --- Etiology --- Disease predisposition --- Disease proneness --- Predisposition to disease --- Proneness to disease --- Susceptibility to disease --- Development (Biology) --- Human beings --- Illness --- Illnesses --- Morbidity --- Sickness --- Sicknesses --- Susceptibility --- Maternal Exposure --- Embryonic and Fetal Development --- Growth and Development --- Children --- Fetus --- Pregnancy --- Embryology --- Human biology --- Human reproduction --- Pathology --- Constitutional diseases --- Biology --- Growth --- Ontogeny --- Medicine --- Epidemiology --- Health --- Sick --- Developmental Biology --- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects --- Disease Susceptibility --- Auxology --- Life Sciences